1. The effect of engagement with music on cognitive and performance abilities

2. Learning to play music can enhance… Passive listening to music can enhance…

3.  Learning to play music:  Musical notation + motor response = engaged brain  Four studies: music lessons, MRI’s, and structural change  Passive listening:  MRI’s, emotions, and activation

4.  National Center for Education Services Data  Long Term music lessons, standardized tests, compare to control  Mixed results but small effects  SES, parental involvement, 2 nd yr of study

5.  Both require visual analysis of objects to form whole  Meta-analysis- 15 studies find strong correlation  Methodological concerns

6.  Reading musical notation = math  National Educational Longitudinal Survey ▪ Music students get better math grades  Meta-analysis finds correlative data for young children

7.  Original ‘Mozart affect’  ‘listening to music and spatial abilities tests require cortical firing patterns that are similar’ ▪ Rauscher, 1993  Passive listening  arousal/mood  cognitive abilities ▪ Strong effect

8.  Small effect size when applied to math  Sample populations less than 20  Study proposal