1. Ant colony-based algorithm for constructing broadcasting tree with degree and delay constraints 晏廷

2. Introduction Minimum spanning tree problem Prim Dijkstra Steiner tree problem Constrained Steiner tree NP-Complete Broadcasting vs Multicasting DDCMST problem

3. Problem formulation

4. Algorithm Random number distributed in interval [0,1] determines the relative importance of exploitation versus exploration. the set of nodes that remain to be visited by ant k at node vi determines the relative importance between the pheromone level and the edge cost

5. Algorithm

6. Pheromone updating rule Local pheromone evaporation rate The initial pheromone level Local updating rule

7. Degree penalty γ controls the degree of penalty and was set to 2 in this study.

8. Pheromone updating rule Global updating rule Global pheromone evaporation rate

9. Test problems The networks topology were generated using Waxman generator Ψ denote the maximum among these minimal node delays.

11. Performance (small problem)

12. Performance (large problem)