1. Order: Hymenoptera Ant, bee, wasp 2 pr wings, membranous
Social and solitary
Most larvae legless

2. Bee Castes
Worker Queen Drone

3. Communication Dances Round Dance Waggle Dance Sickle
Close food (<80m in Carniolan bee)
Livelier = better source; also tells smell and taste
Waggle Dance
Further food (>80m)
Tells direction, distance, abundance, smell and taste
Sickle
Intermediate form in some races of bees (Italian)

4. Waggle Dance
Shall we Dance?

5. Benefits of Uniramians
Food for other animals
Edible by us (except U.S.??)
Produce useful products (silk, medicine, etc.)
Detrivores/scavengers
Parasitize insects harmful to crops

6. Benefits of Uniramians
Pollination
1/3 of all food, spices and condiments
Beverages
Fibers
Medicines
Fats and oils
$20 billion annually
in U.S. alone!

7. Look at 1 species: Honeybee
Role as a pollinator
2.5 million honeybee colonies rented annually in U.S. for 90 crops
Products Produced
Honey - Royal Jelly
Propolis - Bee brood
Wax - Mead (fermented honey water)
Pollen

8. Group Activity
Make a Concept Map of the Honeybee

9. Detriments of Uniramians
Spread of disease – mosquitoes, lice
Destroy property – termites, booklice
Parasites of plants or animals
Poisonous or painful bites
Destruction of food crops

10. Insect Venom Honeybee – stinger is modified ovipositor
Pulled out when bee stings mammal
Bee dies
So which castes sting?
Schmidt
Sting
Index

11. Honeybee Venom Venom – 40+ chemicals Melittin – 50%  pain
Hyaluronidase – 3% opens spaces for venom to enter
Phospholipase A2 – 15%  hydrolyzes phospholipids
The major allergen
Apamine – 3%  Neurotoxin; muscle tremors
Mast cell degranulating peptide – 2%  histamine release in wasps or other species
27% other (Histamine, etc.)

12. Ant Venom Contain high concentrations of alkaloids
Piperidines (Fire Ants)
Pyrrolidines
Pumiliotoxins
Formic Acid (Formicinae ants)

13. Other venoms Centipedes Millipedes
Geophilida – secrete cyanogenic compounds
Very effective against ants and spiders
Scolopendrida – mix of stuff to paralyze or kill
Millipedes
Benzoquinones, Hydrogen cyanide, etc.

14. Bibliography
BIODIDAC Biology Image Bank.
Buss, Lyle University of Florida and Florida Dept. of Agriculture and Consumer Services.
Caron, Dewey M Honey Bee Biology and beekeeping. Wicwas Press, LLC.
Carper. VA Goliath Beetle. USFWS.
Conniff, Richard. June “Stung: How tiny little insects get us to do exactly as they wish.” in Discover P
Eisner, Thomas, Maria Eisner, and Melody siegler Secret Weapons: defenses of Insects, Spiders, Scorpions, and Other Many-legged Creatures. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Mass.
Ewen, Sally Microcosmos Photography.
Merck Manual Bee, Wasp, Hornet, and Ant Stings.
Pollinator Partnership What is Pollination?
Rold, Robert Daviess County Audubon.