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Lecture 2 Introduction 1-1 Chapter 1: roadmap 1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge end systems, access networks, links 1.3 Network core circuit switching, packet switching 1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched networks 1.5 Protocol layers, service models 1.6 Networks under attack: security
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Lecture 2 Introduction 1-2 The Network Core Internet: mesh of interconnected routers How is data transferred through net? circuit switching: dedicated circuit per call: telephone net packet-switching: data sent thru net in discrete “chunks”
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Lecture 2 Introduction 1-3 Network Core: Circuit Switching End-end resources reserved for “call” link bandwidth, switch capacity dedicated resources: no sharing circuit-like (guaranteed) performance call setup required
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Lecture 2 Introduction 1-4 Network Core: Circuit Switching network resources (e.g., bandwidth) divided into “pieces” pieces allocated to calls resource piece idle if not used by owning call (no sharing) dividing link bandwidth into “pieces”…HOW? frequency division multiplexing (FDM) Users use different frequency channels time division multiplexing (TDM) Users use different time slots
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Lecture 2 Introduction 1-5 Circuit Switching: FDM and TDM FDM frequency time TDM frequency time 4 users Example:
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Lecture 2 Introduction 1-6 Numerical example 1 You need to send a file of size 640,000 bits to your friend. You are using a circuit-switched network with TDM. Suppose, the circuit-switch network link has a bit rate of 1.536 Mbps (1Mb = 10 6 bits) and uses TDM with 24 slots. How long does it take you to send the file to your friend? Let’s work it out!
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Lecture 2 Introduction 1-7 Packet Switching A B C 100 Mb/s Ethernet 1.5 Mb/s D E queue of packets waiting for output link
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Lecture 2 Introduction 1-8 Network Core: Packet Switching each end-end data stream divided into packets user A, B packets share network resources each packet uses full link bandwidth resources used as needed resource contention: aggregate resource demand can exceed amount available congestion: packets queue, wait for link use store and forward: packets move one hop at a time Node receives complete packet before forwarding Bandwidth division into “pieces” Dedicated allocation Resource reservation
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Lecture 2 Introduction 1-9 Packet switching versus circuit switching Packet switching allows users to use the network dynamically! resource sharing simpler, no call setup With excessive users: Excessive congestion packet delay and loss What are delay and loss in Internet/network?
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Lecture 2 Introduction 1-10 Take home messages Think, what would be the problem if excessive number of users are trying to access a circuit switch network? Advantages and disadvantages between circuit- switch and packet-switch networks…
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Lecture 2 Introduction 1-11 How do loss and delay occur? packets queue in router buffers store and forward: packets move one hop at a time Router receives complete packet before forwarding packets queue, wait for turn…DELAY A B packet being transmitted (delay) packets queueing (delay) free (available) buffers: arriving packets dropped (loss) if no free buffers
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Lecture 2 Introduction 1-12 Four sources of packet delay 1. nodal processing: check bit errors determine output link A B propagation transmission nodal processing queueing 2. queueing time waiting at output link for transmission depends on congestion level of router
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Lecture 2 Introduction 1-13 Delay in packet-switched networks 3. Transmission delay: R=link bandwidth (bps) L=packet length (bits) time to send bits into link = L/R 4. Propagation delay: d = length of physical link s = propagation speed in medium (~2x10 8 m/sec) propagation delay = d/s A B propagation transmission nodal processing queueing Note: s and R are very different quantities!
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Lecture 2 Introduction 1-14 Total delay d proc = processing delay typically a few microsecs or less d queue = queuing delay depends on congestion d trans = transmission delay = L/R, significant for low-speed links d prop = propagation delay a few microsecs to hundreds of msecs
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Lecture 2 Introduction 1-15 Numerical example 2 Example: A wants to send a packet to B. The packet size is, L = 7.5 Mb (1 Mb = 10 6 bits). The link speed is, R = 1.5 Mbps. How long does it take to send the packet from A to B? Assume zero propagation delay. Let’s work it out! R R R L A B
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Lecture 2 Introduction 1-16 Packet loss queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has finite capacity packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost) lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by source end system, or not at all A B packet being transmitted packet arriving to full buffer is lost buffer (waiting area)
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Lecture 2 Introduction 1-17 Throughput throughput: rate at which information bits transferred between sender/receiver RsRs RsRs RsRs RcRc RcRc RcRc R
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Lecture 2 Introduction 1-18 Numerical example 3: Throughput RsRs RsRs RsRs RcRc RcRc RcRc A B Example: A has requested for a packet (size 640,000 bits) from server B. The packet will come through an intermediate router C. It takes 0.1 second for the packet from B to C and 0.4 seconds from C to A. (Note: 1Mb=10 6 bits). Assume zero propagation delay. What is the throughput from B to C? What is the throughput from C to A? What is the average throughout from B to A? Let’s work it out! C
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