1. ILCT-Derived Flows are Consistent with Induction Eqn’s Normal Component. Directly measured Derived by ILCT

2. Can we extend ILCT to LOS data sets?, where Near disk center, we can approximate B LOS  B z. Use LCT to get u LCT, with  LOS  t to calculate u ILCT that satisfies induction eqn’s normal component. To decompose ILCT flow, u ILCT, into (v x, v y, v z ), we need B  at photosphere – but lack measured B  ! But we can use B  from code – an educated guess for initial condition, then from current time step.

3. Directly measured Calculated by Boundary Code The other components can also be specified. Derived by ILCT For t=0, use NLFFF extrapolation; for t>0, use code’s current B at photosphere, z = 0above photosphere, z > 0

4. Directly measured Calculated by Boundary Code Derived by ILCT The other components can also be specified. For t=0, use NLFFF extrapolation; for t>0, use code’s current B

5. Extending ILCT to LOS data sets, cont’d: Long-duration data sets of MDI full-disk magneto- grams exist for most events in SOHO era! Initial B(x,y,z) can be given by combination of global PFSS model + local NLFFF consistent with X-ray/EUV observations. In principle, can run data-driven simulations of almost all events in SOHO era!

6. Induction Equation’s Components

7. Demoulin & Berger (Sol. Phys. 2003): Effect of vertical motion on apparent horizontal motion U  : Apparent horizontal motion can be either true horizontal motion, or vertical motion of a tilted field geometry.