1. Hydropower 1700 ’ s ~ Early 1800 ’ s Bernard Forest de B é lidor, Architecture Hydraulique,

2. Late 1800,s Michigan's Grand Rapids Electric Light and Power Company. Niagara Falls, New York. Fox River in Appleton, Wisconsin

3. Bureau of Reclamation

5. Mid-1900 ’ s Industrial age New technology Better Construction Bigger Budgets

6. Currently 1/10 of electricity, US. 20% World electricity

7. Three Gorges Dam Over one mile long Over one mile long 575 feet tall. 575 feet tall. 25-75 billion dollars. 25-75 billion dollars. 20 years of construction 20 years of construction Completion in 2009 Completion in 2009

8. Hydro-Electric Systems Sizes- large, small, Micro Sizes- large, small, Micro Types- Impoundment, diversion, pumped storage Types- Impoundment, diversion, pumped storage Turbines - reaction and impulse Turbines - reaction and impulse Home-Hydro-Power Home-Hydro-Power

9. In the beginning …

10. Chinese Casting Iron

11. Large Hydro-systems Defined as greater than 30 megawatts by Department of Energy Defined as greater than 30 megawatts by Department of Energy Hoover dam- (1300 MW) Hoover dam- (1300 MW) Largest in World Venezuela ( 10,000MW) Largest in World Venezuela ( 10,000MW) China- 18,600 MW (2009) China- 18,600 MW (2009)

12. Small Hydro-systems DOE 100kw – 30mw DOE 100kw – 30mw Industries, towns Industries, towns Thailand (9mw) Thailand (9mw)

13. Micro-hydro system DOE 0-100 kw DOE 0-100 kw Farm, home, village Farm, home, village Increasing in # ’ s Today Increasing in # ’ s Today

14. Impoundment Type

15. Diversion Type

16. Diversion (Brazil)

17. Pumped Storage Energy control- produce power on demand 70-80% efficency 70-80% efficency Net electricity consumers Net electricity consumers Can be PV and wind powered Can be PV and wind powered

18. Turbines: Reaction or Impulse Depends on: head, flow, and pressure Depends on: head, flow, and pressure Impulse- similar to water wheel (cupped Blades) Spins in the air Impulse- similar to water wheel (cupped Blades) Spins in the air Reaction- used in large facilities Reaction- used in large facilities (Blades similar to boat propeller) Submerged in water (Blades similar to boat propeller) Submerged in water

19. Impulse-type Turbine High-head use- High-head use- (Vertical drop > 10m) (Vertical drop > 10m) High pressure (PSI) High pressure (PSI)

20. Reaction-type Turbine Low-head situations (high flow/ low PSI) Low-head situations (high flow/ low PSI)

21. Home-Micro-Hydro How to determine power? How to determine power? Watts= head x GPM/10 (53% efficiency) Watts= head x GPM/10 (53% efficiency) Power usage- 300-400 watts/Typical N.A. home (refrigerator, washing machine, lights, entertainment, communication- standard efficiency) Power usage- 300-400 watts/Typical N.A. home (refrigerator, washing machine, lights, entertainment, communication- standard efficiency) Efficient house (200 watts) Efficient house (200 watts)

22. Micro-Hydro site 15 kw of power 15 kw of power Servicing 25 homes Servicing 25 homes $30,000 $30,000

23. Inside of Micro Turbine 4 inch diameter impulse turbine 4 inch diameter impulse turbine Creates 200 watts of power Creates 200 watts of power Cost $1440 Cost $1440

24. Micro-Hydro Systems Easy and Durable Easy and Durable Cost of turbine/alternator $1000-$3000 Cost of turbine/alternator $1000-$3000 Legal regulations Legal regulations

25. Hydropower – Pros and Cons Current hydropower technology, while essentially emission-free, can have undesirable environmental effects, such as fish injury and mortality from passage through turbines, as well as detrimental effects on the quality of downstream water. Current hydropower technology, while essentially emission-free, can have undesirable environmental effects, such as fish injury and mortality from passage through turbines, as well as detrimental effects on the quality of downstream water.

27. Fish Passage Fish populations can be impacted if fish cannot migrate upstream past impoundment dams to spawning grounds or if they cannot migrate downstream to the ocean. Fish populations can be impacted if fish cannot migrate upstream past impoundment dams to spawning grounds or if they cannot migrate downstream to the ocean. Upstream fish passage Upstream fish passage Fish ladders or elevators Fish ladders or elevators trucks trucks Downstream fish passage Downstream fish passage aided by diverting fish from turbine intakes using screens or racks or even underwater lights and sounds, and by maintaining a minimum spill flow past the turbine. aided by diverting fish from turbine intakes using screens or racks or even underwater lights and sounds, and by maintaining a minimum spill flow past the turbine.

28. Fish Ladder

29. Water Quality and Flow Hydropower plants can cause low dissolved oxygen levels in the water, a problem that is harmful to riparian habitats and is addressed using various aeration techniques. Maintaining minimum flows of water downstream of a hydropower installation is also critical for the survival of riparian habitats. Hydropower plants can cause low dissolved oxygen levels in the water, a problem that is harmful to riparian habitats and is addressed using various aeration techniques. Maintaining minimum flows of water downstream of a hydropower installation is also critical for the survival of riparian habitats.

30. Environmentally Friendly Turbines Environmentally friendly turbines, also called "fish friendly" turbines, aim to reduce fish mortality when passing through the turbine, while also increasing water quality by maintaining dissolved oxygen concentrations. Environmentally friendly turbines, also called "fish friendly" turbines, aim to reduce fish mortality when passing through the turbine, while also increasing water quality by maintaining dissolved oxygen concentrations.

31. Pros Control of floods and water flow Control of floods and water flow Generate electric cleanly and is renewable Generate electric cleanly and is renewable Efficiency – Energy to Electricity at 90% Efficiency – Energy to Electricity at 90%

32. Cons Disrupt natural flow patterns of the stream Disrupt natural flow patterns of the stream Fertilization of flood plain Fertilization of flood plain Fish migration Fish migration Sediment and stratification Sediment and stratification Decommissioning and Dam removal Decommissioning and Dam removal Hydro licensing / re-licensing Hydro licensing / re-licensing Fish & Wildlife Service (FWS), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), the Forest Service (FS), the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the National Park Service (NPS), the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), the Bureau of Reclamation (BuRec), Army Corps of Engineers, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Fish & Wildlife Service (FWS), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), the Forest Service (FS), the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the National Park Service (NPS), the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), the Bureau of Reclamation (BuRec), Army Corps of Engineers, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

33. Conclusion The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's (FERC) river basin studies show a potential of 73,200 MW of additional U.S. hydroelectric capacity The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's (FERC) river basin studies show a potential of 73,200 MW of additional U.S. hydroelectric capacity

34. References http://www.ferc.gov/industries/hydropower/gen- info/water-power/wp-pump.asp http://www.ferc.gov/industries/hydropower/gen- info/water-power/wp-pump.asp http://www.ferc.gov/industries/hydropower/gen- info/water-power/wp-pump.asp http://www.ferc.gov/industries/hydropower/gen- info/water-power/wp-pump.asp http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_pl ant_types.html http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_pl ant_types.html http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_pl ant_types.html http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_pl ant_types.html http://www.homepower.com/files/hp44-24.pdf http://www.homepower.com/files/hp44-24.pdf http://www.homepower.com/files/hp44-24.pdf http://library.thinkquest.org/20331/types/hydro/type s.html http://library.thinkquest.org/20331/types/hydro/type s.html http://library.thinkquest.org/20331/types/hydro/type s.html http://library.thinkquest.org/20331/types/hydro/type s.html Hinrichs, Kleinbach. ENERGY, Its use and the Environment,Tompson Learning, 2002. Hinrichs, Kleinbach. ENERGY, Its use and the Environment,Tompson Learning, 2002.