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LHS Biotechnology Course Instructor: L. Steward
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“Of the Forum” Originated from ancient Rome when the Senate would conduct its meetings in a public place called the forum Today = methods or application of science applied to matters of law
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The scientific application to the collection and analysis of evidence in criminal matters Often interchangeable with the term Forensic Science A Criminalist works in the field of Criminalistics
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1923 – LAPD –Oldest Lab 1932 – FBI – World’s Largest Lab Serology (body fluids) Entomology (insects) Chemistry Toxicology (poisons) Document Analysis Odontology (dentistry) Psychiatry Fingerprint Analysis Ballistics Tool Mark Analysis Anthropology (bones) Hair Analysis Fiber Analysis Engineering ◦ Mechanical failure ◦ Structural failure ◦ Car accident reconstruction
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Sir Arthur Conan DoyleSherlock Holmes 700 – Chinese fingerprints on clay 1000 –bloody palm print in Roman court 1248 – Chinese – diff between strangulation & drowning 1609 – document analysis 1686 – 7 fingerprint characteristics 1784 – math torn edge of paper in pistol to paper in suspect’s pocket 1810 – 1 st detective force in France 1813 – microscopes & toxicology 1823 – began to classify fingerprints
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www.forensicdna.com 1986 – Nobel Prize for PCR by Kary Mullis 1835 – bullet comparisons 1839 – microscope evaluation of fabric 1879 – hair analysis 1904 – Locard’s Exchange Principle 1905 – FBI formed by T. Roosevelt 1924 – LAPD Crime Lab 1932 – FBI National Lab 1937 – Technical Criminology @ Cal 1950 – School of Criminology @ Cal 1954 – Breathalyzer 1977 – AFIS by FBI 1984 – 1 st DNA test 1991 – IBIS by FBI
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Sworn Police Officer or Civilian Job duty is to analyze evidence and testify in court 2 types of witnesses who testify in court: ◦ “Lay” witness = not an expert but has something to contribute Ex: witness, victim, knows suspect Cannot give their opinion JOB OF JURY is to make conclusions about the EVIDENCE presented to them, not that of the witness Ex: eyewitness can’t say suspect was “drunk” – that has to be determined by an EXPERT
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Person who has knowledge or skills, derived from education and/or experience, that qualify them to take a set of facts and reach conclusions not attainable by the avg. person
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Approx. 400+ labs in US Dept of Justice (DOJ)-managed by Att.Gen FBI – most prestigious lab in world Drug Enforcement Administration – DEA Dept. of Homeland Security Dept. of the Treasury Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives – BATF IRS – Internal Revenue Service Dept. of the Interior U.S. Postal Service
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Bachelor of Science degree – Chem, Bio, Physics with coursework in microscopy & statistics ◦ You work in a lab, no windows, process & test evidence Law Enforcement Training ◦ You are a Police Officer, with specific on the job training ◦ Example: Evidence Technician
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Forensic Pathologist = BS+Med School + Residency + Board testing = 14 years Forensic Engineer = PhD, private company Forensic Anthropologist = few labs can afford, need another area of expertise, could teach at university and they hire your expertise Forensic Odontologist = BS+dental school Forensic Entomologist = BS/PhD www.aafs.org
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