1. Pathogenic Microbiology Please copy the following basic definitions that will be used to describe the germs that make us sick: Infection: The colonization of a host organism by a harmful species. Pathogen: An organism responsible for causing a disease Infectious Disease: a branch of medicine dealing with pathogens and their diseases

2. The Germ Theory of Disease This old, dead, white dude named Robert Koch developed scientific proof that specific microorganisms cause specific diseases in 1890

3. Koch’s Postulates This is how a specific organism can be proven to be the causative agent of a specific disease. 1.Isolate and identify organism from sick host 2.The isolated organism causes the same illness if given to a new host, and can be isolated from the second host once again.

4. Types of Pathogens Infectious diseases may be caused by bacteria, viruses, eukaryotes, and other agents. There are an amazing number of different pathogenic species, and they can make you sick in a variety of ways.

5. Top 10 Infectious Diseases 2002 1Lower respiratory infections [12] 3.9 million6.9% (pnemonia, influenza, etc.) 2HIVHIV/AIDSAIDS2.8 million4.9% 3Diarrheal diseases [13] 1.8 million3.2% 4TuberculosisTuberculosis (TB)1.6 million2.7% 5Malaria1.3 million2.2% 6Measles0.6 million1.1% 7Pertussis0.29 million0.5% 8Tetanus0.21 million0.4% 9Meningitis0.17 million0.3% 10Syphilis0.16 million0.3%

6. Viruses A virus is a tiny (10-300 nm) infectious agent. Viruses are not cells. Most viruses have only a few genes (flu has ~10. you have >30,000) Viruses cause disease by entering host cells, reproducing, and then causing the cell to burst.

7. The size of things Eukaryote v. prokaryote

8. The Size of Things: Prokaryote v. Virus

9. Viral Replication: Ribosome Hijacking All viruses are pathogens: they cannot reproduce by themselves

10. Common Viral Diseases Common Cold Influenza Chickenpox Herpes Hepatitis HIV Many, many others… Chickenpox

11. Do Now Make a list of the specific information you should include in the abstract section of the upcoming Winogradsky column lab report. I. Abstract. The abstract of your report should quickly describe your experiment, its significance, and its results. It will include 3 parts: A. Background information about the topic, including basic information about processes, organisms, or other principles underlying the experiment. B. A description of your experiment, including the hypothesis and predictions underlying your experiment. To put it shortly, explain what you expected to find, how you expected to find it, and why you expected what you did. C. A summary of your results. What did you find out?

12. M & M This section should be a detailed account of what it is you did, the equipment you used, and all of the procedures you followed. Someone following your materials & methods should b able to perfectly repeat your experiment and produce the same results. Be detailed!

13. Data & Results This section will include all of your observations, measurements, data, graphs, charts, calculations, and any other data or analysis you perform.

14. Conclusion What did you discover, prove, or see an example of? How do you know? Did anything go wrong? How could the experiment be improved? Why are your findings important? What biological concept has your experiment demonstrated?

15. Bacteria Most bacteria are noninfectious Some are opportunistic pathogens: cause illness in weak and sick individuals. Others are obligate pathogens: always cause disease to survive

16. How Bacteria Cause Illness Most bacterial diseases are caused by toxic chemicals called exotoxins or endotoxins that the bacteria produce. These toxins can disrupt or destroy nearby cells

17. Bacterial Diseases Leprosy Tetanus Whooping Cough Typhoid Fever Cholera Plague Tuberculosis Meningitis Bacterial Pneumonia Anthrax Botulism Bacterial Dysentry Diarrhoea Food Poisoning Gas Gangrene Syphilis Diphtheria Gonorrhoea Typhus Fever Lyme Disease Tooth Decay Scarlet Fever Tonsillitis Gasteroenteritis Toxic Shock Syndrome Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Legionnaires' Disease Peptic Ulcers Many, many others

18. Protists & Fungi Eukaryotes can be pathogenic too! Unicellular parasites can live within cells and tissues, causing diseases such as: –Toxoplasmosis –amoebic meningitis –Malaria –Trypanosmiasis –Leishmaniasis –amoebic dysentery –diarrhoea caused by Cryptosporidium spp. or Giardia intestinalis (lamblia)

19. Worms Roundworms and flatworms are two major classes of multicellular human pathogens… but we’ll learn more about them in the future.

20. Other Stuff Still other diseases like Mad Cow Disease are caused by prions. A prion is an infectious agent that is a single protein molecule