1. Foundations of Individual Behavior Chapter Two

2. Biographical Characteristics

3. Ability

4. Number aptitude Verbal comprehension Perceptual speed Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Spatial visualization Memory Number aptitude Verbal comprehension Perceptual speed Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Spatial visualization Memory Dimensions of Intellectual Ability E X H I B I T 2-1

5. Physical Ability

6. Other Factors Body coordination Balance Stamina Other Factors Body coordination Balance Stamina Nine Physical Abilities Strength Factors Dynamic strength Trunk strength Static strength Explosive strength Strength Factors Dynamic strength Trunk strength Static strength Explosive strength Flexibility Factors Extent flexibility Dynamic flexibility Flexibility Factors Extent flexibility Dynamic flexibility E X H I B I T 2-2

7. Ability-Job Fit The Ability-Job Fit Employee’s Abilities Job’s Ability Requirements

8. Learning Involves change Is relatively permanent Is acquired through experience Learning Involves change Is relatively permanent Is acquired through experience

9. Theories of Learning Key Concepts Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response Conditioned response Key Concepts Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response Conditioned response

10. Theories of Learning (cont’d) Key Concepts Reflexive (unlearned) behavior Conditioned (learned) behavior Reinforcement Key Concepts Reflexive (unlearned) behavior Conditioned (learned) behavior Reinforcement

11. Theories of Learning (cont’d) Key Concepts Attention processes Retention processes Motor reproduction processes Reinforcement processes Key Concepts Attention processes Retention processes Motor reproduction processes Reinforcement processes

12. Theories of Learning (cont’d) Key Concepts Reinforcement is required to change behavior. Some rewards are more effective than others. The timing of reinforcement affects learning speed and permanence. Key Concepts Reinforcement is required to change behavior. Some rewards are more effective than others. The timing of reinforcement affects learning speed and permanence.

13. Schedules of Reinforcement

14. Schedules of Reinforcement (cont’d)

15. E X H I B I T 2-4 Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed-ratio

16. Behavior Modification Problem-solving Model Identify critical behaviors Develop baseline data Identify behavioral consequences Apply intervention Evaluate performance improvement Problem-solving Model Identify critical behaviors Develop baseline data Identify behavioral consequences Apply intervention Evaluate performance improvement

17. OB MOD Organizational Applications  Well Pay versus Sick Pay –Reduce absenteeism by rewarding attendance, not absence.  Employee Discipline –The use of punishment can be counter-productive.  Developing Training Programs –OB MOD methods improve training effectiveness.  Self-management –Reduces the need for external management control.