1. Improving Long cases and short cases in clinical examination Prof. Pushpa Raj Sharma Department of Child Health

2. This presentation Teaching clinical skills Evaluation of clinical skills

3. How do we teach clinical skills? Ask students to read the skill. Demonstrate it to the students. Ask students to re-demonstrate it. Correct the demonstrated skill. Ask student to re- re-demonstrate it.

4. Common problems with clinical teaching Lack of clear objectives and expectations Teaching pitched at the wrong level (usually too high) Passive observation rather than active participation of learners Inadequate supervision and provision of feedback

5. Common problems with clinical teaching Little opportunity for reflection and discussion "Teaching by humiliation" Informed consent not sought from patients Lack of respect for privacy and dignity of patients Lack of congruence or continuity with the rest of the curriculum

6. Challenges of clinical teaching Time pressures Competing demands clinical (especially when needs of patients and students conflict); administrative; research Often opportunistic makes planning more difficult Increasing numbers of students Fewer patients (shorter hospital stays; patients too ill or frail; more patients refusing consent) Often under-resourced Clinical environment not "teaching friendly" (for example, hospital ward) Rewards and recognition for teachers poor

7. A child with cough or difficulty breathing Essential skills (High morbidity, High mortality) –Effective history taking –Physical examination –Identification of the patients problem –Formulation of the differential diagnosis –Planning of investigations –Management –Communication

8. Example of clinical teaching Decide whom you are teaching? –MBBS third year students (20 students) Decide what you want to teach? –Examination of the respiratory system. Decide how you want to teach? –Make four group. –Ask each group to list the organs that can be examined applying inspection, palpation percussion and auscultation. –Ask each group to write the normal findings. –Ask each group to list the diseases of each organ and common clinical signs of these disease.

9. Example of clinical teaching (contd.) How I will know if students have understand? –Demonstrate examining a child for respiratory system examination. –Divide student in group of 2. –Ask them to examine a patient. –Ask them to re-demonstrate specific clinical procedure to elicit specific signs. –Discussion

10. What I am teaching? How will I teach it? Who I am teaching? How will I know if the Student understand

11. Why we want to evaluate? Assessment drives learning. Observe competency for the job description. Correct the mistakes. Find out the prerequisite. Find out the adequacy of the curriculum.

12. What do you want to evaluate? the existing knowledge of the disease. the communicating skill with patient/guardian. the writing skill. the presentation skill. the skill of eliciting signs. the skill of diagnosing, investigating and treating of specific problem.

13. Evaluating clinical skills Clinical history writing. –Poor reliability Log book –Good validity but often unreliable OSCE –Good reliability but may not be reliable for overall skills.

14. Long case examination, as it exist “Luck of the draw”* Selection of the cases by examiners. Distribution of cases randomly. Approximately one hour for history, examination and student to synthesize. –Communication skill not observed at all. –Process is not observed. –Product is assessed. –Discussion frequently on the theory. –Approach and expectations vary with individual examiner. *Stokes J. The clinical examination-assessment of clinical skills, medical education booklet no 2(Dundee Association for the Sudy of Medical Education)

15. Five required attributes of an assessment process: Reliability - a measure of the variation in scores Validity - the degree to which an assessment is a measure of what should be measured. Acceptability - the degree to which the assessment process is acceptable Feasibility - the degree to which the assessment can be delivered to all those who require Educational impact - the degree to which the assessment can assist the student to improve his or her performance,

16. Evaluating clinical skills Observed clinical examination: –Good validity but poor reliability unless multiple observation made. –Time consuming, logistic problems in recruiting patients. Non observed clinical examination –Poor reliability unless multiple cases seen. Good validity. –No assessment of student interaction with patient.

17. Reported Reliability when 4h testing times are used for different test formats Wass V, Vleuten CV, Schatzer J, Jones R. Assessment of clinical competence. Lancet 2001;357:945-49

18. Improving the long case examination 1979: Harden and Gleeson developed the OSCE* 1997: Gleeson developed the OSLER** *Harden RM, Gleeson FA. Assessment of clinical competence using an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). Medical education, 1979;13:39-54. ** Gleeson F. Assessment of clinical competence using the objective structured long case examination record (OSLER). Medical Teacher. 1997; 19: 7-14

19. Objective Structured Long Examination Record (OSLER) Ten item analytical record form. –4 items for history taking, 3 items on physical examination, 1 each for formulation of investigations, management and clinical acumen in a logical sequence. All candidates are assessed on the same ten items. Time is 20-30 minutes for the examination. Items are representatives: whole process.

20. OSLER’s components History taking –Clarity of presentation, communication process, systematic approach, establishment of case facts. Physical examination –Systematic approach, examination technique, establishment of correct physical findings. Assessment of clinical acumen –Ability to identify and solve problems

21. Standardizing the long case based on the difficulty of the case Standard case –Single problem Difficult case –Up to three problem Very difficult case. –More than three problem

22. Awarding marks in the OSLER P+: Very good/excellent. (60-80%0 P:Pass/ bare pass.(50-55%) P-:Below pass –Each items has to be graded followed by overall grade of the complete performance

23. Department of Child Health Example of Paediatric Final Examination Observed by two examiner. Filling the forms with specific tasks. Grading the candidate. Both examiners grade on the specific tasks. Average is taken.

24. Marks 20 Exce llent GoodAdequate Inadequat e Poor Comments (Comments MUST be made for all ratings of 'Inadequate' and 'Poor') Clinical Examination Skills Time allocated 5 minutes Observes professional manners, Performs proper & relevant clinical examination according to instructions given and applies correct clinical methods systematically and appropriately Proceeds appropriately according to age. Discussion Time allocated 10 minutes  Gives correct findings with logical interpretation and conclusion.  Justifies diagnosis/es.  Suggests appropriate & relevant investigations and management (including recent advances)

25. Marks 60 E x c el le nt G oo d Adequ ate Inad equa te PoorComments (Comments MUST be made for all ratings of 'Inadequate' and 'Poor') Time allocated 30 minutes Interviewing & Clinical Examination Skills Introduces self to patient, obtains informed consent, elicits corrected relevant history. Uses correct clinical methods systematically to elicit important clinical findings with special emphasis on detailed examination of the relevant system. Proceeds appropriately according to age. (The allocated 30 minutes – 15 minutes for each examiner) Case Presentation Examiner – 1 Name :  Presentation skills  Correctness of findings  Logical interpretation of findings  Suggests & justifies relevant investigations.

26. Miller’s Pyramid of Competence Miller GE. The assessment of clinical skills/competence/performance. Acad Med. 1990; 65:563-67

27. What the parents feel? Lack of informed consent59 (51%) Inconvenient by participation38 (55.9%) Too many candidate per patient25 (21.5%) Hassle of relating the history repeatedly 13 (1.8%) Inadequacy of payment10 (8.6%) Examining the child for too long7 (6%) Not handling the child gently7 (6%) *Arachi JK, Sumanasena SP, de Silva KSH. Clinical examination in paediatrics at final MBBS: view of children and parents. Ceylon Medical Journal;2003, Vol 48, No 1, 12-14.

28. Thank you Your suggestions regarding this presentation is highly appreciated