1. Georeferencing Historical Placenames and Tracking Changes Over Time Georeferencing Workshop Harvard University 21 March 2008 Lex Berman China Historical GIS Project

2. Non-Ambiguous Placenames in GNS [Volz, et al, 2007]

3. Non-Ambiguous Placenames in CHGIS Gazetteer

4. Percentages of Non-Ambiguous Placenames - Comparison

5. instance 1: St. Petersburg (Russia) Begin=1703 End=1913 instance 2: Petrograd (Russia) Begin=1914 End=1923 instance 3: Leningrad (Russia) Begin=1924 End=1990 instance 4: St.Petersburg (Russia) Begin=1991 instance 5: St. Petersburg (Florida, USA) Begin=1892 instance 1,4: St. Petersburg (Russia) instance 5: St. Petersburg (Florida, USA) before dissolve after dissolve Dissolving multiple historical instances of same spelling

6. Non-Ambiguous Placenames - Dissolving Temporal Instances

7. Comparison with Perseus Toponym Disambiguation

8. Feature Type Thesauri

9. Feature Type Crosswalks - Building a Concept Lattice No Standard Method

10. Semantic Mapping Issues

11. Feature Type Crosswalk Based on Controlled Vocabulary Semantic fragmentation = no feasible constraints on concepts

12. Crosswalk of named periods and chronologies is needed

13. HEML - Historical Event Markup Language

14. MIT Simile Project - Timeline

15. Temporal Fragmentation Temporal fragmentation = feasible limits and ISO 8601 Standard

16. China Historical GIS Project http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~chgis Georeferencing Temporal Referencing Feature type Toponym string Time Period