1. Volcanoes

2. The Volcanic Setting Subduction zones Rift valleys Hot spots

4. Effusive gentle flows lots of lava Explosive viscous lava trapped gases shield volcanoes cinder cones plateau basalts composite volcanoes calderas Type of Eruption Landforms

5. Cinder cone Big Cinder Butte, Craters of the Moon, Idaho - forms small hills, less than 450 m high - black scoria rock with air bubbles

7. Shield volcano Mauna Loa, Hawaii Low viscosity magma Gases readily escape from this magma Effusive eruptions

10. Kilauea, Hawaii

13. Hot spot Seamounts

14. Plateau basalts

15. CONTINENTAL RIFT VALLEY

16. Photo of Rift Valley In East Africa

18. Composite volcano

20. Mount Pinatubo June, 1991

21. Shield/Composite Comparison

22. Mount St. Helens: the day before

24. Live Photo of Mt. St. Helens http://www.fs.fed.us/gpnf/volcanocams/msh/ Four years later

25. Flooding (from steam-melted ice and snow)

27. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 : 250,000 ppm !) Hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S) Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) Hydrofluoric acid (HF) Chlorine (Cl) compounds

28. Four years later

29. Caldera Crater Lake, Oregon windblown ash landed in Calgary 6600 years ago

30. Volcanic hazards and effects hot ash (pyroclastics) steam and gas explosions lava flows poisonous gases (sulfuric acid; even CO 2 if at extreme concentrations) landslides tree blowdowns lahars (steam-melted ice and snow cause flooding and large mudflows) increase in atmospheric dust (decreased global temperatures in short term – increase in long term?)

35. Volcanic Benefits New fertile soils - Hawaii, Philippines Geothermal energy - Iceland, Italy, New Zealand New real estate - Iceland, Japan, Hawaii

36. Diamond-bearing Kimberlite Pipe

37. A terrane is a a)region where a craton is exposed at the surface. b)migrating crustal piece that becomes attached to plates. c)nucleus or heartland region of continental crust. d)chain of islands formed from hotspot volcanism. e)downward-faulted block of crust.

38. A terrane is a a)region where a craton is exposed at the surface. b)migrating crustal piece that becomes attached to plates. c)nucleus or heartland region of continental crust. d)chain of islands formed from hotspot volcanism. e)downward-faulted block of crust.

39. The deformation of rocks by compression, such as that occurring at convergent plate boundaries, is called _____. a)thrusting b)faulting c)lithification d)shearing e)folding

40. The deformation of rocks by compression, such as that occurring at convergent plate boundaries, is called _____. a)thrusting b)faulting c)lithification d)shearing e)folding

41. An anticline is the result of which type of crustal stress? a)isostasy b)tension c)shear d)subduction e)compression

42. An anticline is the result of which type of crustal stress? a)isostasy b)tension c)shear d)subduction e)compression

43. The Basin and Range Province of the United States consists of alternating horsts and grabens due to the presence of numerous _____ faults. a)right-lateral b)left-lateral c)reverse d)thrust e)normal

44. The Basin and Range Province of the United States consists of alternating horsts and grabens due to the presence of numerous _____ faults. a)right-lateral b)left-lateral c)reverse d)thrust e)normal

45. A non-volcanic mountain range is likely an expression of a(an) a)oceanic plate-oceanic plate collision. b)oceanic plate-continental plate collision. c)oceanic plate-oceanic plate divergence. d)continental plate-continental plate divergence. e)continental plate-continental plate collision.

46. A non-volcanic mountain range is likely an expression of a(an) a)oceanic plate-oceanic plate collision. b)oceanic plate-continental plate collision. c)oceanic plate-oceanic plate divergence. d)continental plate-continental plate divergence. e)continental plate-continental plate collision.

47. The logarithmic scale of earthquake amplitude- magnitude measurement is called the _____ scale. a)Mercalli b)tectonic activity c)Richter d)Beaufort e)Fujita

48. The logarithmic scale of earthquake amplitude- magnitude measurement is called the _____ scale. a)Mercalli b)tectonic activity c)Richter d)Beaufort e)Fujita

49. The epicenter of an earthquake is defined as a)the area at the surface that is directly above the focus. b)the subsurface area where the motion of the seismic wave was initiated. c)the sticking point along a fault that prevents movement. d)an area that is tectonically quiet and overdue for an earthquake. e)the area of greatest structural damage and loss of life.

50. The epicenter of an earthquake is defined as a)the area at the surface that is directly above the focus. b)the subsurface area where the motion of the seismic wave was initiated. c)the sticking point along a fault that prevents movement. d)an area that is tectonically quiet and overdue for an earthquake. e)the area of greatest structural damage and loss of life.

51. Composite volcanoes a)are effusively formed mountains. b)are associated with flood basalts. c)typically erupt from the ocean floor. d)have gently sloping sides. e)are explosively formed mountains.

52. Composite volcanoes a)are effusively formed mountains. b)are associated with flood basalts. c)typically erupt from the ocean floor. d)have gently sloping sides. e)are explosively formed mountains.

53. All of the following are specific examples of explosive eruptions except _____. a)White Island, New Zealand b)Kīlaeua, HI c)Mount St. Helens, WA d)Mount Mayon, Philippines e)Mount Pinatubo, Philippines

54. All of the following are specific examples of explosive eruptions except _____. a)White Island, New Zealand b)Kīlaeua, HI c)Mount St. Helens, WA d)Mount Mayon, Philippines e)Mount Pinatubo, Philippines