1. 1 EFFECTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS ON STRATOSPHERIC OZONE NWADIKE ONYINYECHUKWU BY

2. Nwadike Onyinye28/11/20072 Outline  Introduction  Atmospheric Forcing of Climate Change: Anthropogenic effect  Ozone Production and Loss Processes  Effect of Volcanic Eruption  Effect of Montreal Protocol on Ozone Recovery  Conclusion / Summary

3. Nwadike Onyinye28/11/20073 Outiline  Introduction  Atmospheric Forcing of Climate Change: Anthropogenic effect  Ozone Production and Loss Processes  Effect of Volcanic Eruption  Effect of Montreal Protocol on Ozone Recovery  Conclusion / Summary

4. Nwadike Onyinye28/11/20074 The climate system and interaction Mark Weber, 2004 Glossary: Luft=air, Eis=ice, Wechselwirkung=interaction, Kreisläufe=cycles, kurzwellig=shortwave, langwellig=long wave, Schnee=snow, Weltraum=space,Strömung=current, Seen=lakes, Flüsse=rivers, Niederschlag=precipitation, Zuläufe=streams, Wolken=clouds

5. Nwadike Onyinye28/11/20075 Outline  Introduction  Atmospheric Forcing of Climate Change: Anthropogenic effect  Ozone Production and Loss Processes  Effect of Volcanic Eruption  Effect of Montreal Protocol on Ozone Recovery  Conclusion / Summary

6. Nwadike Onyinye28/11/20076 Atmospheric Forcing of Climate Change: Anthropogenic effect +VE Forcing, warming of the earth by WMGHG conc. -VE Forcing, ozone depletion in stratosphere, cooling of earth. Primary forcing mechanism affecting stratospheric climate change WMO, 2006

7. Nwadike Onyinye28/11/20077 The Roles of Trace Gases in the Stratosphere Willams Brunne, 1991

8. Nwadike Onyinye28/11/20078 Sources,Reservior, and Reactive Species for the Chemical Species Willams Brunne, 1991

9. Nwadike Onyinye28/11/20079 Outiline  Introduction  Atmospheric Forcing of Climate Change: Anthropogenic effect  Ozone Production and Loss Processes  Effect of Volcanic Eruption  Effect of Montreal Protocol on Ozone Recovery  Conclusion / Summary

10. Nwadike Onyinye28/11/200710 Stratospheric Ozone Production WMO, 2006

11. Nwadike Onyinye28/11/200711 CHAPMAN CYCLE

12. Nwadike Onyinye28/11/200712 OZONE DESTRUCTION CYCLE WMO, 2006

13. Nwadike Onyinye28/11/200713 Principal Steps in the Depletion of Stratospheric Ozone WMO, 2006

14. Nwadike Onyinye28/11/200714 Polar Ozone Depletion Hofmann et al. 1994

15. Nwadike Onyinye28/11/200715 Outline  Introduction  Atmospheric Forcing of Climate Change: Anthropogenic effect  Ozone Production and Loss Processes  Effect of Volcanic Eruption  Effect of Montreal Protocol on Ozone Recovery  Conclusion / Summary

16. Nwadike Onyinye28/11/200716 Effect of Volcanism WMO, 2006  Large volcanic eruptions decreases solar transmission to Earth’s surface.  Increase in ozone depletion by the emitted particles.

17. Nwadike Onyinye28/11/200717 Outline  Introduction  Atmospheric Forcing of Climate Change: Anthropogenic effect  Ozone Production and Loss Processes  Effect of Volcanic Eruption  Effect of Montreal Protocol on Ozone Recovery  Conclusion / Summary

18. Nwadike Onyinye28/11/200718 Global Ozone: Recovery Stages WMO, 2006

19. Nwadike Onyinye28/11/200719 Outline  Introduction  Atmospheric Forcing of Climate Change: Anthropogenic effect  Ozone Production and Loss Processes  Effect of Volcanic Eruption  Effect of Montreal Protocol on Ozone Recovery  Conclusion / Summary

20. Nwadike Onyinye28/11/200720 Conclusions/Summary  CFCs account for large ozone destruction because they have longer lifetime  Human activites contribute to indirect radiative forcing effect  Volcanic eruptions is a natural process that enhance Ozone depletion but cannot be predicted.  Montreal Protocol may lead to a complete ozone recovery by the year 2100

21. THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION ANY QUESTIONS?