1. Multi-Wavelength Time Variability of Active Galactic Nuclei Ritaban Chatterjee Advisor: Prof. Alan P. Marscher Collaborators: Svetlana Jorstad (B.U.), Phil Uttley (U. Southampton, UK).

2. Why Time Variability?

3. 3C 279 Z=0.536 1 mas = 6.3 pc 3C 279

4. 3C 279 RESULTS

5. X-RAY OPTICAL RADIO Monitoring of 3C 279 between 1996-2007

6. 3C 279 : X-ray-optical Cross-Correlation Optical leads X-ray by ~ 19 Days Chatterjee et al. 2008 (ApJ, 489, 79)

7. Correlation Time Window

8. X-ray and Optical : Superposed Compare: 1. Time lag between peaks 2. Energy output of flares : Area under the curve

9. Time Lag (Days) X/Op Ratio 1.-270.4 2.-240.62 3.-490.67 4.-150.44 5.-221.4 6.160.18 7.250.38 8.270.3 9.-30.95 10.-80.98 11.-30.87 12.-60.88 Larger time delay, Ratio<1 Smaller time delay, Ratio ~1

10. Optical => Synchrotron X-ray=> Synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) Simulation of time variable non-thermal radiation Modeling of synchrotron (optical) and synchrotron self-Compton (X-ray) flares B ~r -b, N 0 ~r -n, R ~r

11. Real and Simulated Light Curves Chatterjee et al. (submitted to ApJ)

12. Real and Simulated Light Curves SIMULATEDREAL Chatterjee et al. (submitted to ApJ)

13. Downstream SSC (Green) maybe smaller than Synchrotron (Red) UPSTREAMDOWNSTREAM

14. Sketch of emission regions at two different locations in the jet x/op~1 x/op<1 UpstreamDownstream

15. ∆ t smaller x/op~1 ∆ t larger x/op<1 UpstreamDownstream Sketch of emission regions at two different locations in the jet

16. Larger time delay, Smaller ratio Smaller time delay, Ratio ~1 Time Lag (Days) X/Op Ratio 1.-270.4 2.-240.62 3.-490.67 4.-150.44 5.-221.4 6.160.18 7.250.38 8.270.3 9.-30.95 10.-80.98 11.-30.87 12.-60.88

17. CONCLUSIONS: LOCATION AND MECHANISM OF EMISSION X-ray and optical variations are highly correlated. X-ray/optical correlation changes over time. Contemporaneous X-ray and optical flares: X/OP ≈ 1 => closer to the base of the jet X/OP farther from the base of the jet

18. 3C 120 RESULTS : X-RAY

19. X-RAY OPTICAL RADIO Light Curves of 3C 120 between 2002 and 2007

20. Variability at different timescales

21. 3C 120 X-Ray Power Spectral Density (PSD) Break Frequency =10 -5 Hz Break Time Scale =2 Days

22. X-Ray PSD of Cygnus X-1 : Break Credit : Uttley et al. (2004) BH Mass vs. Break Time Scale

23. X-Ray PSD of Cygnus X-1 : Break Credit : Uttley et al. (2004) BH Mass vs. Break Time Scale 3C 120

24. 3C 120 RESULTS : X-Ray/Radio

25. X-RAY OPTICAL RADIO Light Curves of 3C 120 between 2002 and 2007

26. X-ray Dips and 37 GHz Flares

27. X-ray/37 GHz Anti-correlation (X-ray leads 37GHz by 120 days) Chatterjee et al. 2009 (in prep)

28. Possible Explanation of the X-ray Dip and Superluminal Ejection Correlation 1. Change in the magnetic field configuration in the accretion disk from turbulent to aligned => absence of viscous heating causes dips in X-ray production => aligned B field configuration facilitates shock to move towards the jet (Livio et al. 2003) 2. Corona is the base of the jet => decrease in the number density of electrons at the base of the jet => causes X-ray dips and increase in the speed of particles (continuity eqn.) => causes shock wave.

29. THE END

30. X-ray light curve : Sum of model flares & real data Chatterjee et al. 2008 (ApJ, 689, 79)

31. Optical light curve : Sum of model flares & real data Chatterjee et al. 2008 (ApJ, 689, 79)

33. 3C 120 X-Ray Power Spectral Density (PSD) Break Frequency =10 -5 Hz Break Time Scale =2 Days