1. Defining A Healthy Riparian Area Dr. Karl Wood, Director Water Resources Research Institute Dr. Terrell Baker, Riparian Ecologist New Mexico State University Las Cruces, NM

2. Webster’s Definition of “Health” 1. Physical and mental well-being; 2. Soundness; 3. Freedom from defect, pain, or disease; 4. Normality of mental and physical functions How does this definition apply to riparian areas?

3. What are some other terms or phrases used to describe watersheds? Sustainable Functioning and Non-Functioning Proper Functioning Condition Impaired Stable Upward Trend At Risk Downward Trend

4. Rangeland Health (Natural Research Council 1994) “The degree to which the integrity of the soil and ecological processes of rangeland ecosystems are maintained” Forest Health (U.S. Forest Service) “A condition wherein a forest has the capacity across the landscape for renewal, for recovery from a wide range of disturbances, and for retention of ecological resiliency, while meeting current and future needs of people for desired levels of values, uses, products, and services” Some Related Definitions Riparian Health (Need Citation) “” Feds have some 70 plus definitions

5. Compare to Wetlands Lots of science Tight definition (at least comparatively) Regulatory authority

6. 1. They convey that everything is either right or wrong. 2. They infer that nature gives values to society. 3. They also infer that society’s values are mutual across all lands, both public and private Why this vision of everything being black or white, and why are these definitions bothersome?

7. Most people have an intuitive idea of what constitutes a healthy riparian area; at least, they believe they can recognize an unhealthy one when they see it. Using “health” to describe watersheds is probably inappropriate.

8. Riparian Conditions Fall Along A Continuum! How can we express that continuum? Ecosystem Succession or the Sere is a good start!

9. Concept of the Sere Bare Rock Lichens Mosses Soil depth and richness Climate Annuals Perennial grasses and forbs Shrubs Deciduous trees Conifers Climax Time Example developed in North America by H.C. Cowles and F.E. Clements about 100 years ago

12. Conifer invasion of a meadow

13. Early ponderosa pine savanna

15. Ponderosa pine thicket today

16. Insects and disease spread in a crowded forest

17. Concept of the Sere Bare Rock Lichens Mosses Soil depth and richness Climate Annuals Perennial grasses and forbs Shrubs Climax Time

19. Concept of the Sere Bare Rock Lichens Mosses Soil depth and richness Climate Annuals Perennial grasses and forbs Climax Time

21. Concept of the Sere Bare Rock Lichens Soil depth and richness Climate Climax Time

23. Would A Society Ever Want To Maintain Bare Rock Or a Very Low Seral Stage Riparian Area? Example: Irrigation Ditches

24. The kinds of animals different in each seral stage. The climax seral stage usually does not represent the greatest species diversity of plants and animals. Subclimax seral stages may be maintained by continuous or discontinuous perturbations such as fire, grazing, hurricanes, etc. Movement towards climax is called succession Movement away from climax is called retrogression (e.g. Desertification) Multiple equilibrium communities and complex successional pathways may be possible within a sere. General Comments On Ecosystem Succession

25. Explanations of “ecosystem succession” have been modified and expanded by: Gleason 1926 – recognized individual species differences Tansley 1935 – proposed more than one climax for a site Watt 1947 - identified the importance of patches and disturbance cycles Egler 1954 – noted that species did not always invade but were present and increased Pickett 1976 – recognized importance of natural selection and disturbance Connell and Slatyer 1977 – proposed facilitation, tolerance, and inhibition Grime 1979 – proposed ruderal, competitive, and stress-tolerant stages Huston and Smith 1987 – demonstrate 5 successional patterns: sequential succession, divergence, total suppression, convergence, and pseudo- cyclic replacement Shugart 1984 – claimed mechanistic rather than deterministic processes Westoby 1989 – explained state-and-transition models or thresholds Oliver and Larson 1990 – allowed for chaotic or non-equilibrium cycles

26. To manage a riparian area, managers need to know: 1. What is the potential or climax seral stage of the riparian area? 2. What is the present seral stage of the riparian area? Is it all the same or are there different seral stages in different parts of the riparian area? 4. Can the preferred seral stage be achieved with the present technology, time, legal, political, and economic constraints? 3. Are there several acceptable seral stages and a preferred seral stage of the riparian area and/or its parts?

27. Concept of the Sere Bare Rock Lichens Mosses Soil depth and richness Climate Annuals Perennial grasses and forbs Shrubs Deciduous trees Conifers Time Most choices are here!

29. If on the other hand the prime objective is watersheds, we should restore grass, which all the evidence indicates is a better watershed cover than either brush or woodland.” Aldo Leopold “If the prime objective is wood products, we may continue to overgraze, letting in the woodland and sacrificing watershed values.

31. Steps for Watershed Management Preliminary Assessment and Surveillance

32. Preliminary Assessments and Surveillance “Nothing in nature is isolated. Nothing iswithout reference to something else. Nothing achieves meaning apart from that which neighbors it.” Johann Wolfgang von Goethe “There is something fascinating about studies of science. One gets such wholesale returns of conjecture out of such trifling investment of fact.” Mark Twain

33. Steps for Watershed Management Preliminary Assessment and Surveillance Goal Setting Prioritization and Targeting Watershed Planning – develop document with roles and implementation strategy Implementation Performance evaluation

34. For any given response variable such as: Erosion, Runoff, Evaporation, Stream Temperature, Sediment Load, Arsenic Content, Plant Growth, Insect Populations, etc. Questions should be asked: 1. What are the natural levels with variations between hours, days, months, and years? 2. What are maximum potential levels? 3. What are the tolerable levels to sustain the preferred seral stage? 4. What are the desirable levels? 5.Are the desirable levels achievable with present technology, time, legal, political, and economic constraints?

35. Nature abhors a void Nature abhors topographical prominence Nature abhors a crowd Natural changes are often dynamic and catastrophic with unpleasant consequences for humans Human changes of nature may be dynamic and catastrophic, or static, controlled, predictable, and beneficial to humans, wildlife, and watersheds Human influence is most probable for avoiding catastrophes and assuring ecological, social, and economic stability. Conclusions

36. A Healthy Watershed = preferred seral state is attained Sustainability = preferred seral stage is maintained against the processes of succession and retrogression, including invasions, especially by exotics Conclusions

37. God bless America!

38. Thank you!