1. Risk Management in Financial Institutions (II) 1 Risk Management in Financial Institutions (II): Hedging with Financial Derivatives Forwards Futures Options Swaps

2. Risk Management in Financial Institutions (II) 2 In April 2006, Bank of America holds $10 million face value treasury bonds. The coupon rate of the bond is 10%, and the bond is sold at par. The bond matures on April 2016. Bank of America worries about its interest rate risk faced in the next year. Illustrate Fleet’s interest rate risk?

3. Risk Management in Financial Institutions (II) 3 Forward Contracts Agreements by two parties to engage in a financial transaction at a future point of time

4. Risk Management in Financial Institutions (II) 4 Interest-Rate Forward Markets Long contract = buy securities at future date Locks in future interest rate Short contract = sell securities at future date Locks in future price, so reduces price risk from change in interest rates

5. Risk Management in Financial Institutions (II) 5 Pros and Cons Pros of forward 1. Flexible Cons of forward 1. Lack of liquidity: hard to find counter party 2. Subject to default risk: Requires info to screen good from bad risk

6. Risk Management in Financial Institutions (II) 6 Financial Futures Markets Traded on Exchanges: Global competition Regulated by CFTC Financial Futures Contract 1.Specifies delivery of type of security at future date 2.Arbitrage  At expiration date, price of contract = price of the underlying asset delivered 3.i , long contract has loss, short contract has profit Differences in Futures from Forwards 1.Futures more liquid: standardized, can be traded again, delivery of range of securities 2.Delivery of range prevents corner 3.Mark to market: avoids default risk 4.Don't have to deliver: net long and short

7. Risk Management in Financial Institutions (II) 7 Bank of America could take a short position in an interest rate forward. Specifically, it shorts/sells the treasury bond to a counterpart in April 2007 (that is 1 year later)) at a price of $10 million (which is today’s bond price). 2007/4 is called the settlement date. The counterparty could take a long position on this US treasury bonds

8. Risk Management in Financial Institutions (II) 8 Alternatively, to hedge its interest rate risk, Bank of America could take a short position of $10 million 10% 2006 T- bond futures contract with the settlement date of April/2007 and at a price of $10 million. The face value for each treasury bond futures contract is $100,000. What is the number of contracts (NC) should be used here?

9. Risk Management in Financial Institutions (II) 9

10. 10 Options Options Contract Right to buy (call option) or sell (put option) instrument at exercise (strike) price up until expiration date (American) or on expiration date (European)

11. Risk Management in Financial Institutions (II) 11

12. Risk Management in Financial Institutions (II) 12 Payoffs of Call option

13. Risk Management in Financial Institutions (II) 13 Payoff of a put option

14. Risk Management in Financial Institutions (II) 14 Hedge BOA Risk with Option What type of option should be applied? How? Face value of T-bond option is $100,000. BOA needs to buy 100 contracts of T-bond ____ option here.

15. Risk Management in Financial Institutions (II) 15 Covered Call – A trading Strategy Buy Stock and sell a call on the stock.

16. Risk Management in Financial Institutions (II) 16 Example Current price of the IBM stock is: Let’s look at the call option of IBM in ____, Strike price is ____. If in ______, the stock price is ____, then the profit from the covered call option is ____; if the stock price is _____, then the profit is _____

17. Risk Management in Financial Institutions (II) 17 SWAP SWAPs are financial contracts that obligate each party to the contract to exchange (swap) a set of payments it owns for another set of payments owned by another party. Is a set of forward contracts Purpose –Risk management –Get lower cost of capital

18. Risk Management in Financial Institutions (II) 18 Components of a Swap The interest rate on the payments that are being exchanged The type of interest payment (variable or fixed) The amount of notional principal The time period over which the exchanges continue to be made

19. Risk Management in Financial Institutions (II) 19 Interest Rate Swap

20. Risk Management in Financial Institutions (II) 20 Why Engage in SWAP? Company A can borrow cheaper with floating rate, while its investment income is mainly fixed rated Having an income gap, trying to immunize interest rate risk

21. Risk Management in Financial Institutions (II) 21 Dangers of Using Derivatives Allow financial institutions to increase leverage –Money placed in margin accounts is only a small portion of the price of futures contracts –Expose banks to large credit risk since holding of financial derivatives could exceed the amount of bank capital Too complicated for most managers –Notional amount versus credit risks