1. Theoretical Approaches to Psychopathology

2. Theoretical Approaches: How does Behavior Develop? A theory = useful “map” for navigating psychopathology Risk factors Causes Treatment options Theories do not change the disorder, only how it is seen (any more than a map changes roads)

3. Overview of Relevant Theoretical Perspectives* Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Cognitive/Cognitive-Behavioral Sociocultural

4. Psychodynamic Perspective Behavior is the result of a long (maybe contentious) and often unconscious discussion about how we should behave

5. Freud’s Model of Personality Id - basic drives, motives, and instincts What we want Ego - sense of self Balances external constraints & desires Superego - conscience and ego ideal Grows out of conflict b/w id impulses and parents

6. Id Focused on pleasure and immediate gratification Everything present at birth Responsible for basic drives

7. Ego Seeks to appease the Id, in a way that doesn’t sacrifice long-term gain Balances id drives and reality, common sense Mediates the Id and Superego

8. Superego Conscience Focuses on acting in a socially appropriate way

9. Freud’s Model of Personality All exist outside of consciousness

10. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development Children negotiate stages of development (desires, fears, challenges) Sexual issues to be resolved at each stage If needs not met, child becomes “fixated” in one stage

11. Defense Mechanisms Strategies for reducing anxiety using thoughts, desires, impulses Permit ego to regulate anxiety when Id (impulses) clash with Superego (restrictions) Protect our Ego from harm

12. Examples of Defense Mechanisms 1. Denial - behaving as if things are different Extreme denial = delusions 2. Repression - motivated forgetting. Thoughts are prevented from awareness 3. Projection - attributing unpleasant feelings to another person 4. Displacement - unacceptable feelings toward someone placed toward another

13. Psychodynamic Psychopathology Psychopathology develops from unresolved conflict at a psychosocial level. It is related to defense mechanisms

14. Psychodynamic Treatment Insight-oriented (Why do I have this problem?) Insight → behavioral change Make the unconscious conscious Dream association Free association Freudian slips Psychoanalysis - can be long, expensive

15. Behaviorism Behavior is the result of learning (reward and punishment)

16. Behaviorism Based upon principles of operant and classical conditioning Punishment = decreases likelihood of behavior Reward = increases likelihood of behavior Key components of child treatments, anxiety, new EST for depression

17. Behavioralist Psychopathology Psychopathology results from incorrect associations between learning

18. Humanistic Approaches Humans are, intrinsically, good, and will mature into healthy adults if allowed to develop normally

19. Humanistic Approaches Carl Roger’s Client-Centered Therapy Unconditional positive regard Self-actualization More influence on treatment than evaluating psychopathology

20. Cognitive Behavioral Approach Behavior is a result of our thoughts and appraisals of situations

21. Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective Thoughts influence our behavior Early Cognitive Perspective How we respond = how we perceive/interpret We each interpret the world as individuals

23. The Sociocultural Perspective Disorder Family Culture Religion National Values Societal Support

24. Cultural Diversity Culture: common expectations, experiences, and perspectives of a group of people living together Study psychopathology across culture Many cultures have idiosyncratic risk and protective factors E.g. Eating disorders

25. Social Influences Social class: combination of education level and occupation (not necessarily income) Risk can vary across social class Schizophrenia Social/gender roles can influence Social stresses (violence, unemployment, crime, racism) Cultural norms (e.g. tolerance for alcohol)

26. Sociocultural Treatments Community Psychology Understand how social factors impact individual Prevention is main focus Primary prevention: entire population Secondary prevention: groups at risk

27. Sociocultural Treatments Family Therapy Family has strong influences on individuals Change more likely when work with impact of family