1. Food for thought: “Two excesses: to exclude reason, to admit nothing but reason.” Blaise Paschal (1623-1662), Pensées 183.

2. St. Thomas Aquinas 1.Medieval Learning 2.Summa Theologiae 3.Five proofs of the existence of God.

3. Medieval learning Lectio. –Reading of a set of texts. –Interpretation of the text by a professor. Disputatio. –Thesis –Objections –Determination

4. The structure of the articles in the Summa 1. Statement of the question. 2. Objections (arguments on one side). 3. Statement from authority. 4. Aquinas’ response (arguments on the other side). 5. Reply to each objection.

5. Watchmaker Argument William Paley (1743-1805)