1. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 DRILL 2 FEB 11 1)Why do they add odorant to Natural Gas? 2)How do they separate natural gas from other petroleum products?

2. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 1.What are the fossil fuels? 2.What makes them non-renewable? 3.Explain the formation of Coal, Natural Gas, and Petroleum. 4.What are the methods of extraction for fossil fuels? 5.What are hydrocarbons? What is methane formula? 6.How are oil and natural gas transported? 7.Why are fossil fuels processed prior to use? 8.How is natural gas used in the home? 9.What geographic region has largest oil reserves? Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels QUIZ REVIEW

3. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Oil Reserves

4. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Oil Reserves

5. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Oil Consumption Barrels per person per day

6. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Refining Raw, unprocessed crude oil is mostly not useful Varies in color – from clear to tar-black Varies in viscosity – from water to almost-solid Crude oil is processed and refined into more usable forms – separated into parts Distillation – purifying a liquid by successive evaporation and condensation

7. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Different components of crude have different boiling points. When a vapor cools to its boiling point, the vapor become a liquid again – like steamed water in a pot Process: 1.Crude is boiled 2.Highest boiling points condense first 3.Lower boiling points condense last Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Refining

8. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Refining

9. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Refining

10. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Uses Primarily used to achieve mobility Manufacture medicines, fertilizers, food, plastics, building materials, paints, cloth, and to generate electricity Physical structure and way of life of suburban communities

11. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 E is energy m is mass C is the speed of light Mass and energy are interrelated Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear

12. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fusion –Small atoms combine to create new atom and give off energy –Power source for sun and other stars –Power source for hydrogen bombs –Main reaction is H + H ->He + energy Nuclear Fission –Large atom breaks apart to create two new atoms and give off energy –Explosive force used in bombs dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima –Energy source used in nuclear power

13. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear 1.Nucleus of a heavy element (e.g. Uranium) splits when bombarded by a free neutron 2.Two smaller atoms, 1-3 neutrons, plus energy 3.Extra neutrons lead to chain reaction:

14. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Front End Background Chemistry The number of protons are the atomic number. Uranium’s atomic number is 92 Atoms with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes – “same place” Isotope U-235 is the only fissile isotope found in nature

15. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle Like coal, natural gas, and petroleum, Uranium (U) is an energy source that must be processed before use. Front End: preparing the fuel Service Period: using fuel in reactor Back End: safely manage, contain, reprocess/dispose of spent fuel

16. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle Front End: preparing the fuel 1.Exploration 2.Mining and Milling 3.Conversion 4.Enrichment 5.Fabrication Service Period: using fuel in reactor Back End: safely manage, contain, reprocess/dispose of spent fuel

17. Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Service Period 27% Recycling

18. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear

19. Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Front End 1.Exploration: 1)U is 500 times more abundant than gold 2)Traces can be found everywhere – all rocks and soils, rivers and oceans, food and human tissue 2.Mining and Milling: 1)Mining – surface (strip) or underground mining 2)Milling – grind up ore, use sulfuric acid to separate U from waste rock – “yellow cake” U 3 O 8 3.Conversion: U must be converted into a gas before it can be enriched (uranium hexafluoride – UF 6 )

20. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Front End Uranium Ore Yellow Cake UF 6

21. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Front End 4.Enrichment: increase concentration of U-235 and remove 85% of U-238 Depleted Uranium: removed U-238, which includes.25% U-235, is used in metal to form yacht keels, radiation shielding, and (controversially) weapons as ammunition. Keel

22. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Front End 5.Fuel Fabrication: 1)UF 6 converted to UO 2 powder 2)Powder converted to pellets 3)Pellets stacked in tubes 4)These are nuclear fuel rods 5)Groups of rods make up fuel assembly 6)Hundreds of assemblies make up reactor core

23. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Service Period 1.Electricity Generation 1)Transport of radioactive materials 2)In-core fuel management Old fuel rods must be changed periodically (1/3 at a time) 2.Food and Agriculture 1)FDA approved irradiation of food 2)Kills bacteria, insects, and parasites

24. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Service Period 3.Nuclear medicine – Imaging 1)Most medical imaging is anatomical – deals only with structures 2)Nuclear imaging shows physiological functioning of organs 3)Radiotracer injected into blood, inhaled, or ingested 4)“Gamma camera” detects energy given off (PET scan – Positron Emission Tomography)

25. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear 4.Nuclear weapons 1)Only two known uses of nuclear weapons use – Hiroshima and Nagasaki during WW2 Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Service Period “Fat Man” “Little Boy”

26. Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Service Period

27. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Back End Two options for spent fuel: Interim storage and final disposal Reprocessing to recover usable portion 1.Interim Storage: 1)Used fuel assemblies: hot and highly radioactive 2)Stored in special ponds usually near reactor site 3)Water is radiation barrier and cools fuel

28. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Back End 2.Reprocessing Reprocessing separates U and Pu from waste products – chop up fuel rods and dissolve them in acid to separate materials 1)U enrichment a)Spent fuel contains ~96% of original U b)U-235 reduced to 1% c)Therefore, send back to enrichment 2)Plutonium (Pu) a)Spent fuel contains ~1% radioactive Pu b)Can be blended with enriched U for new fuel c)One of the most highly toxic elements known

29. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Back End Waste 1.Low-level waste – radioactive isotopes decay 10-50 years 1.Material used to handle highly radioactive parts of reactor Cooling water pipes, radiation suits 2.Waste from medical uses 3.Processing nuclear fuel generates depleted uranium (DU) DU used as heavy metal 2.High-level waste – radioactive isotopes decay >100,000 years Material from core of reactor/decommissioned weapons

30. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Back End Waste Disposal 1.Low-level waste – radioactive isotopes decay 10-50 years 1.Temporary storage 2.Standard disposal methods or reuse (heavy metal) 2.High-level waste – radioactive isotopes decay >100,000 years 1.Currently only short-term storage exists 2.Geologic disposal. Requires: 1.Absolutely stable geological formations 2.Unprecedented stability of human institutions

31. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Back End Waste Disposal 2.High-level waste – radioactive isotopes decay >100,000 years Yucca Mountain 80 miles northwest of Las Vegas Only proposed site in U.S. for high-level waste storage 77,000 tons capacity

32. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Back End Waste Disposal 2.High-level waste – radioactive isotopes decay >100,000 years Space Disposal 1.Limited capacity on rockets 2.Rocket malfunction is possible