1. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-1 Chapter 6 Decision Support System Development Turban, Aronson, and Liang Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, Seventh Edition

2. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-2 Learning Objectives Understand the concepts of systems development. Learn PADI, the phases of SDLC. Describe prototyping. Understand which factors lead to DSS success or failure. Learn the importance of project management. Describe the three technology levels of DSS. Understand the learning process involved in DSS development.

3. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-3 Osram Sylvania Thinks Small, Strategizes Big-Develops the Infonet HR Portal System Vignette Creation of a specialized business portal to solve specific problem –Prototype –Interactive, Web-based –HR portal Think small, strategize big –Focus on key problems first –Plan to achieve quick small successes Intranet-based portal for hiring, job postings, benefits, bonuses, retirement information

4. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-4 Systems Development Life Cycle Four phases –Planning –Analysis –Design –Implementation Cyclical Can return to other phases Waterfall model

5. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-5 Tools Computer-aided software design tools –Upper CASE – Creates systems diagrams –Lower CASE Manages diagrams and code –Integrated CASE Combination RAD design tools –Enterprise class repository and collaboration –UML modeling Analysis and design software Code debugging methods Testing and quality assurance tools

6. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-6 Successful Project Management Establish a baseline Define scope of project Manage change and scope creep Get support from upper management Establish timelines, milestones, and budgets based on realistic goals Involve users Document everything

7. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-7 Implementation Failures Lack of stakeholder involvement Incomplete requirements Scope creep Unrealistic expectations Project champion leaves Lack of skill or expertise Inadequate human resources New technologies

8. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-8 Evolutionary Disruptors Development environment –Organizational cultural factors –Loss of top management support –User and analyst attitude –User experience –Development team capability Development process –User education, support, involvement, training

9. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-9 Project Management Tools Project management software can allow: –Collaboration among disparate teams –Resource and program management –Portfolio management –Web enabled –Aggregates and analyses project data

10. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-10 Alternative Development Methodologies Parallel development –Multiple development on separate systems RAD –Quick development allowing fast, but limited functionality Phased development –Sequential serial development Prototyping –Rapid development of portions of projects for user input and modification –Small working model or may become functional part of final system Throwaway prototyping –Pilot test or simple development platforms

11. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-11

12. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-12 Agile Development Rapid prototyping Used for: –Unclear or rapidly changing requirements –Speedy development Heavy user input Incremental delivery with short time frames Tend to have integration problems

13. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-13 DSS Development Methodology Prototyping Iterative design Evolutionary development Middle out process Adaptive design Incremental design

14. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-14 DSS Prototyping Short steps –Planning –Analysis –Design –Prototype Immediate stakeholder feedback Iterative –In development of prototype –Within the system in general –Evaluation integral part Control mechanism

15. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-15 DSS Prototyping Advantages –User and management involvement –Learning explicitly integrated –Prototyping bypasses information requirement –Short intervals between iterations –Low cost –Improved user understanding of system Disadvantages –Changing requirements –May not have thorough understanding of benefits and costs –Poorly tested –Dependencies, security, and safety may be ignored –High uncertainty –Problem may get lost –Reduction in quality –Higher costs due to multiple productions

16. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-16 Change Management Crucial to DSS People resistant to change Examine cause of change May require organizational culture shift Lewin-Schein change theory steps –Unfreeze Create awareness of need for change People support what they help create –Move Develop new methods and behaviors Create and maintain momentum –Refreeze Reinforce desired changes Establish stable environment

17. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-17 DSS Technology Levels DSS primary tools –Fundamental elements Programming languages, graphics, editors, query systems DSS generator (engine) –Integrated software package for building specific DSS Modeling, report generation, graphics, risk analysis Specific DSS –DSS application that accomplishes the work DSS primary tools are used to construct integrated tools that are used to construct specific tools

18. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-18

19. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-19 DSS Hardware –PCs to multiprocessor mainframes Software –Involves multiple criteria –Develop in house, outsource, or buy off the shelf –Off the shelf software rapidly updated; many on market –Prices fluctuate –Different tools available

20. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-20 DSS Team developed DSS requires substantial effort to build and manage End user developed DSS –Decision-makers and knowledge workers develop to solve problems or enhance productivity Advantages –Short delivery time –User requirements specifications are eliminated –Reduced implementation problems –Low costs Risks –Quality may be low –May have lack of documentation –Security risks may increase

21. © 2005 Prentice Hall, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, 7th Edition, Turban, Aronson, and Liang 6-21 DSS DSS is much more than just a DBMS, MBMS, GUI, interface, and knowledge component