1. Mobile Devices for Control of Ubiquitous Multimedia Brad A. Myers bam@cs.cmu.edu http://www.pebbles.hcii.cmu.edu/ Brad A. Myers bam@cs.cmu.edu http://www.pebbles.hcii.cmu.edu/ Human Computer Interaction Institute School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University

2. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon2 Handheld Devices l Typically, handheld devices for: l Communication l As a “Personal Information Manager” l As a “Personal Digital Assistant” l As a PC replacement l “PocketPC” l As a media player l Handheld Devices for Remote Control of other devices and media l Remote Control of PCs l Remote Control of appliances l Typically, handheld devices for: l Communication l As a “Personal Information Manager” l As a “Personal Digital Assistant” l As a PC replacement l “PocketPC” l As a media player l Handheld Devices for Remote Control of other devices and media l Remote Control of PCs l Remote Control of appliances

3. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon3 Problem l Appliances are too complex

4. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon4 Problem l Too many remotes

5. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon5 Problem l April 29, 1991

6. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon6 Approach l Use a personal handheld device as an Interface to the PC and to the Appliances

7. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon7 History of Communication l ParcTab – continuous communication l Early “organizers” – no communication l Newton – extra cost for synchronization l Palm – HotSync once a day l WindowsCE/PocketPC – ActiveSync once a day l ParcTab – continuous communication l Early “organizers” – no communication l Newton – extra cost for synchronization l Palm – HotSync once a day l WindowsCE/PocketPC – ActiveSync once a day

8. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon8 Now, Handhelds are Communicating l 802.11 l BlueTooth l Cell-phone network (G3) l 802.11 l BlueTooth l Cell-phone network (G3) Toshiba e740 HP iPaq 3870 Microsoft SmartPhone

9. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon9 Pebbles Project l Performed as part of the Pebbles Project l Overall goal: Use of multiple devices at the same time l Palm and desktop PC l Mobile Phone and “Smart Home” l Multiple handhelds in a meeting l Pocket PC and appliances l Multiple users with their devices l Single user with multiple devices l Performed as part of the Pebbles Project l Overall goal: Use of multiple devices at the same time l Palm and desktop PC l Mobile Phone and “Smart Home” l Multiple handhelds in a meeting l Pocket PC and appliances l Multiple users with their devices l Single user with multiple devices

10. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon10 Pebbles is: PEBBLESPEBBLES PEBBLESPEBBLES DAs for ntry of oth ytes and ocations from xternalources. DAs for ntry of oth ytes and ocations from xternalources. http://www.pebbles.hcii.edu/

11. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon11 Pebbles for MultiMedia l How will handheld devices fit into the user’s overall media space? l Where does media come from? l Where is the media is displayed? l How is the media controlled? l How can handheld devices improve the user interfaces of other media devices, rather than just being another gadget to master? l How will handheld devices fit into the user’s overall media space? l Where does media come from? l Where is the media is displayed? l How is the media controlled? l How can handheld devices improve the user interfaces of other media devices, rather than just being another gadget to master?

12. Controlling a PC l Remote Commander l Slide Show Commander l Command Post of the Future l Shortcutter l Remote Commander l Slide Show Commander l Command Post of the Future l Shortcutter http://www.pebbles.hcii.edu/

13. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon13 Remote Commander l Allow PDAs to control a PC l Can be used with any application l Uses the standard (single) cursor l Don’t have to jump up and grab mouse l All mouse and keyboard functions l Use PDA like touchpad l Graffiti or our own pop-up keyboard l Word prediction and completion l Allow PDAs to control a PC l Can be used with any application l Uses the standard (single) cursor l Don’t have to jump up and grab mouse l All mouse and keyboard functions l Use PDA like touchpad l Graffiti or our own pop-up keyboard l Word prediction and completion

14. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon14 PocketPC version l Get PC’s screen onto PocketPC l Full view, or one-to-one zooming l Scroll with iPaq’s buttons l Control or scribble l Get PC’s screen onto PocketPC l Full view, or one-to-one zooming l Scroll with iPaq’s buttons l Control or scribble

15. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon15 For People with Muscular Disabilities l Using handhelds as interface to PCs l People with Muscular Dystrophy have fine-motor control but lose gross motor control l Difficulties with mouse and keyboard, but stylus OK l So use Remote Commander as PC’s keyboard and mouse l Using handhelds as interface to PCs l People with Muscular Dystrophy have fine-motor control but lose gross motor control l Difficulties with mouse and keyboard, but stylus OK l So use Remote Commander as PC’s keyboard and mouse

16. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon16 Alphabet for Accurate Gestures l Use a square hole in a template to increase accuracy l Just as easy to learn as Graffiti™ l 18% more accurate for able novices (p<.02) l Patent Pending l Also works with joystick l Use a square hole in a template to increase accuracy l Just as easy to learn as Graffiti™ l 18% more accurate for able novices (p<.02) l Patent Pending l Also works with joystick

17. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon17 Power Point Control l Use PC to give the presentation l Use hand-held to control the PC l Two-way communication l Hand-held shows picture of slide, notes, timer l Use PC to give the presentation l Use hand-held to control the PC l Two-way communication l Hand-held shows picture of slide, notes, timer

18. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon18 SlideShow Commander, cont. l See list of slide titles l Scribble l Tap on on-screen buttons and hyper-linkshyper-links l Preview other slides l Control demonstrations l See list of slide titles l Scribble l Tap on on-screen buttons and hyper-linkshyper-links l Preview other slides l Control demonstrations

19. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon19 Control at a Distance l Controlling a PC from across the room l Meetings, etc. l Use a laser pointer? l Studies l Controlling a PC from across the room l Meetings, etc. l Use a laser pointer? l Studies

20. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon20 Command Post of the Future l Share media & control across multiple devices l Big displays, speech, gesture l And handhelds l Share media & control across multiple devices l Big displays, speech, gesture l And handhelds

21. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon21 CPOF, cont. l Provides remote control of main PC battleboard from handhelds l Also, private drill-down of public information l Small versions of map and data visualizations on handhelds l Interact locally, and display changes and annotations when ready l Provides remote control of main PC battleboard from handhelds l Also, private drill-down of public information l Small versions of map and data visualizations on handhelds l Interact locally, and display changes and annotations when ready

22. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon22 Shortcutter l User-created panels of controls l Create custom interfaces and extensions to PC applications l And then take them with you l Direct manipulation for edit, then set properties l PocketPC or Palm l User-created panels of controls l Create custom interfaces and extensions to PC applications l And then take them with you l Direct manipulation for edit, then set properties l PocketPC or Palm

23. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon23 Shortcutter Widgets l Buttons l Virtual Joy stick l Virtual Knob l Sliders l Mouse pad l Gesture panel l Buttons l Virtual Joy stick l Virtual Knob l Sliders l Mouse pad l Gesture panel

24. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon24 Scenarios of Use l Lean-back mail reading l Controlling media players l … and many others l Lean-back mail reading l Controlling media players l … and many others

25. Controlling Appliances l PhD research of Jeffrey Nichols l Assisted by undergrads and MS students l PhD research of Jeffrey Nichols l Assisted by undergrads and MS students http://www.pebbles.hcii.edu/puc/

26. Problem l Too many complex devices, each with its own idiosyncratic interface l Stereo system l Telephones l ATM l Fax machine l Photocopier l Hotel alarm clock l Increasingly computerized l Low usability l Too many complex devices, each with its own idiosyncratic interface l Stereo system l Telephones l ATM l Fax machine l Photocopier l Hotel alarm clock l Increasingly computerized l Low usability

27. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon27 Existing “universal” controls l Pre-programmed at the factory with a subset, l Or, laboriously hand-programmed by the user l Pre-programmed at the factory with a subset, l Or, laboriously hand-programmed by the user

28. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon28 Our Approach l Handheld is a “Personal Universal Controller” (PUC) l Two-way communication l Appliance describes its functions l Handheld PUC l Automatically creates interface l Controls the appliance l Displays feedback about appliance status l Handheld is a “Personal Universal Controller” (PUC) l Two-way communication l Appliance describes its functions l Handheld PUC l Automatically creates interface l Controls the appliance l Displays feedback about appliance status Specifications Control Feedback

29. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon29 Automatic Generation of UIs l Benefits l All interfaces consistent for a user l With conventions of the handheld l Even from multiple manufacturers l Addresses hotel alarm clock problem l Can take into account user preferences l Multiple modalities (GUI + Speech UI) l A Hard Problem l Previous automatic systems have not generated high quality interfaces l Benefits l All interfaces consistent for a user l With conventions of the handheld l Even from multiple manufacturers l Addresses hotel alarm clock problem l Can take into account user preferences l Multiple modalities (GUI + Speech UI) l A Hard Problem l Previous automatic systems have not generated high quality interfaces

30. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon30 Research Challenges 1. Automatic Design of Graphical User Interfaces 2. Automatic Design of Speech User Interfaces 3. Connection with real devices l Through various protocols l X-10, AV/C, HAVi, UPnP, etc. l Also, custom hardware and software 1. Automatic Design of Graphical User Interfaces 2. Automatic Design of Speech User Interfaces 3. Connection with real devices l Through various protocols l X-10, AV/C, HAVi, UPnP, etc. l Also, custom hardware and software

31. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon31 Hand-Generated Graphical Interfaces l First, Hand-Designed PocketPC interfaces: l AIWA Shelf Stereo (Tape,CD,Tuner) l AT&T Telephone/Answering Machine l Used Embedded Visual Basic l Ensured quality with heuristic analysis and think-aloud studies l Compared with manufacturer’s interfaces l First, Hand-Designed PocketPC interfaces: l AIWA Shelf Stereo (Tape,CD,Tuner) l AT&T Telephone/Answering Machine l Used Embedded Visual Basic l Ensured quality with heuristic analysis and think-aloud studies l Compared with manufacturer’s interfaces

32. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon32 Results of Comparison l Using PUC, users took 50% less time & made 50% fewer errors l All differences are significant (p < 0.05) l Using PUC, users took 50% less time & made 50% fewer errors l All differences are significant (p < 0.05)

33. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon33 Current PUC Specification Language l XML l Full documentation for the specification language and protocol: http://www.pebbles.hcii.cmu.edu/puc/ l Contains sample specification for a stereo l XML l Full documentation for the specification language and protocol: http://www.pebbles.hcii.cmu.edu/puc/ l Contains sample specification for a stereo

34. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon34 Properties of PUC Language l State variables & commands l Each can have multiple labels l Useful when not enough room l Typed variables l Base types: Boolean, string, enumerated, integers, fixed-point, floating-point, etc. l Optional labels for values l Hierarchical Structure l Groups l State variables & commands l Each can have multiple labels l Useful when not enough room l Typed variables l Base types: Boolean, string, enumerated, integers, fixed-point, floating-point, etc. l Optional labels for values l Hierarchical Structure l Groups

35. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon35 Dependency Information l Crucial for high-quality interfaces l Expressed as clauses l Operations: l Equals, Less-Than, Greater-Than l Combined Logically l AND, OR l Used for: l Dynamic graying out l Layout l Widget selection l Crucial for high-quality interfaces l Expressed as clauses l Operations: l Equals, Less-Than, Greater-Than l Combined Logically l AND, OR l Used for: l Dynamic graying out l Layout l Widget selection

36. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon36 Specifications l Have working specifications for: l Audiophase stereo l X-10 lights control l Sony CamCorder l Windows Media Player l Audio ReQuest hardware MP3 player l WinAmp Media Player l Elevator l Parts of GMC Yukon Denali SUV l Etc. l Have working specifications for: l Audiophase stereo l X-10 lights control l Sony CamCorder l Windows Media Player l Audio ReQuest hardware MP3 player l WinAmp Media Player l Elevator l Parts of GMC Yukon Denali SUV l Etc.

37. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon37 Controller Generators l iPaq PocketPC l SmartPhone l No touchscreen l Desktop (TabletPC) l Speech l iPaq PocketPC l SmartPhone l No touchscreen l Desktop (TabletPC) l Speech

38. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon38 Examples of Generated GUIs Shelf stereoWindows Media Player

39. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon39 Generating Speech Interfaces l “Universal Speech Interface” (USI) project l Prof. Roni Rosenfeld of CMU l http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~usi l Creates grammar, language model and pronunciation dictionary from PUC specification l Pronunciation from labels using phonetic rules l Can provide other pronunciations as labels for fine-tuning l Will use dependency information to help with disambiguation and explanation l Supports queries and spoken feedback l Paraphrases as confirmation l “Universal Speech Interface” (USI) project l Prof. Roni Rosenfeld of CMU l http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~usi l Creates grammar, language model and pronunciation dictionary from PUC specification l Pronunciation from labels using phonetic rules l Can provide other pronunciations as labels for fine-tuning l Will use dependency information to help with disambiguation and explanation l Supports queries and spoken feedback l Paraphrases as confirmation

40. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon40 Adaptors l “Adaptors” provide the interface to existing (and future) appliances l If do not support specification language directly l Custom hardware l Custom software l Lutron l Windows Media Player l X-10 l Light switches, etc. l “Adaptors” provide the interface to existing (and future) appliances l If do not support specification language directly l Custom hardware l Custom software l Lutron l Windows Media Player l X-10 l Light switches, etc. l AV/C (standard protocol) l Sony CamCorder l HAVi l UPnP l Axis Camera

41. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon41 Demonstration l Sony CamCorder l Windows Media Player l Image library l Two way communication: l When state changes from application or appliance, GUI is updated l Can query state with speech l Sony CamCorder l Windows Media Player l Image library l Two way communication: l When state changes from application or appliance, GUI is updated l Can query state with speech

42. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon42 Current Work on PUC l Controlling User “Experiences” l One command for multiple devices l Play a DVD  sets DVD, cable, TV l Setting alarm clock  sets heat, coffee, car l Consistency for Users l And user preferences l More devices l UPnP l Etc. l Controlling User “Experiences” l One command for multiple devices l Play a DVD  sets DVD, cable, TV l Setting alarm clock  sets heat, coffee, car l Consistency for Users l And user preferences l More devices l UPnP l Etc.

43. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon43 For More Information l Many papers on the Pebbles web site l On PUC and other work l Most programs available for free downloading: l SlideShow Commander is licensed for commercial sale l See handango.com l Many papers on the Pebbles web site l On PUC and other work l Most programs available for free downloading: l SlideShow Commander is licensed for commercial sale l See handango.com http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~pebbles

44. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon44 Conclusions l As more and more electronics are computerized and communicating, mobile devices can help control them l Handheld devices can improve the user interfaces of everything else l Not just be another gadget to be learned l As more and more electronics are computerized and communicating, mobile devices can help control them l Handheld devices can improve the user interfaces of everything else l Not just be another gadget to be learned

45. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon45 Thanks to Pebbles Students l This research performed by a large number of students since 1997: Htet Htet Aung Rishi Bhatnagar Ben Bostwick Franklin Chen Yu Shan Chuang Karen Cross Carl Evankovich Ivan Gonzalez Marc Khadpe Dave Kong Chun-Kwok Lee Joonhwan Lee Jennifer Li Yuhua Li Leo Lie Jack Lin Kevin Litwack A. Chris Long Colin McCabe Rob Miller Jeff Nichols Choon Hong Peck Mathilde Pignol Suporn Pongnumkul Brandon Rothrock Rajesh Seenichamy Pegeen Shen Herbert Stiel Jeff Stylos Claire Tokar Marsha Tjandra Adrienne Warmack Jacob O. Wobbrock Jerry Yang Sunny Yang Brian Yeung

46. Brad MyersCarnegie Mellon46 Thanks to Our Sponsors! The Pebbles research is supported by grants from: DARPA NSF Microsoft General Motors NEC Foundation Pittsburgh Digital Greenhouse And equipment grants from: Hewlett Packard Lucent Technologies Lantronix, Inc. Lutron, Inc. Mitsubishi Palm Computing The Pebbles research is supported by grants from: DARPA NSF Microsoft General Motors NEC Foundation Pittsburgh Digital Greenhouse And equipment grants from: Hewlett Packard Lucent Technologies Lantronix, Inc. Lutron, Inc. Mitsubishi Palm Computing Symbol Technologies IBM SMART Technologies VividLogic Synergy Solutions Handango

47. Mobile Devices for Control of Ubiquitous Multimedia Brad A. Myers bam@cs.cmu.edu http://www.pebbles.hcii.cmu.edu/ Brad A. Myers bam@cs.cmu.edu http://www.pebbles.hcii.cmu.edu/ Human Computer Interaction Institute School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University