1. Threads ICW Lecture 10 Tom Chothia

2. Last Time XML JDOM XPATH

3. This Lecture URLs A reminder of Sockets. Threads: running processes at the same time on the same computer. They can be tricky to use.

4. Uniform Resource Locators Many Internet systems use URLs, e.g. http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/index.html This URL refers to the file “index.html” on the host “www.cs.bham.ac.uk” which should be accessed using http. Protocol Host FilePath

5. URLs aren't just for HTTP https://www.gmail.com/index.html ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/standards/RFC/rfc 959.txt ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/standards/RFC/rfc 959.txt rmi://68.45.12.7/process svn+ssh://svn.cwi.nl/projects

6. More complex URLs http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk:3080/index.html ftp://tpc@my.ftp.bham.ac.uk/myfiles.txt http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator#Synt ax Port number Username Quiry

7. URL syntax The most general URL has the syntax: protocol://username:password@domain:port /filepathname?query_string#anchor All parts are options!

8. URLs in Java The java.net.URL class does URLs in Java e.g.: URL myURL = new URL (“http://www.cnn.com/index.html); myURL.getHost(); myURL.getPort();

9. URLs in Java The URL knows the protocol therefore it can connect for you: InputStream = myURL.openStream(); More info at: http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.2/docs/api/java/ net/URL.html

10. Sockets A reminder: Code from Lecture 6. Only one connection at a time. For multiple connections you need to use Threads.

11. Threads A thread is a Java process that runs at the same time as other processes. Use threads for: Speed on Multi-process machines. When you want to handle lots of requests at the same time. When it's more “natural”.

12. Example: Chat Server Servers handle the requests from the clients concurrently: we can use Threads. Define the object that handles the request as “runnable” and define a run method. Declare it as a new Thread. Call the start method on it.

13. Threads and Speed Threads only speed up your program if your computer has more than one processor. To find the number of processors: Runtime runtime = Runtime.getRuntime(); int noOfProcessors = runtime.availableProcessors();

14. Can “value” ever go below 0? Class Counter { private static int value = 1000; public static void less (int i) { if (i<value) {value=value – i; } }

15. What about now? Class Counter extends Thread { private static int value = 1000; public static void less (int i) { if (i<value) {value=value – i; } }

16. Synchronisation Threads run concurrently Threads share the same data space Threads can interact in unexpected ways e.g. The state of object can only be kept consistent by guarding against such interactions.

17. What must we do to cope with this? Parts of the program must declare that they must have exclusive access to an object whilst performing an operation synchronised is used to mark methods or statements as needing exclusive access This implements a lock on the object

18. Synchronised methods Use synchronized to declare critical method Only one thread can executing a synchronised method on an object at a time: –To execute a synchronised method the thread must obtain the lock on that object –Whilst it holds the lock, no other thread can execute a synchronised method on that object - it is blocked

19. What about now? Class Counter extends Thread { private static int value = 1000; public static synchronised void less (int i) { if (i<value) {value=value – i; } }

20. Synchronised Statements Individual statements can also be synchronised. Syntax: synchronized (object) {statement} e.g:...; synchronized (foo) { i=foo.getSize(); foo.setSize(i*2); }...

21. Deadlock Deadlock describes a state where the program cannot proceed because of interactions between locks held by threads. For instance: –A is blocked waiting for a lock held by B –B is blocked waiting for a lock held by A The interactions can be indirect

22. Synchronisation/locks It is sometimes necessary to restrict access to objects by multiple threads - to maintain consistency As a rule you should minimise the use of locks Problems can arise: –not making code thread-safe –deadlocks Such problems are hard to debug

23. Sleep A thread can choice to stop running for a time using the sleep method: Thread.sleep(1000) Pauses the current Thread for about 1 sec.

24. Wait, Notify The wait() method cause the process to stop and give up its locks. The process remains paused until another process calls notify() on the same object. Notifyall() restarts all waiting processes.

25. Communication Between Threads Threads don't return values. Threads often run independenly to offer a service. However a thread can write to e.g. a buffer, for other threads to read from.

26. Main Program Creates a Buffer Main Program Results Buffer

27. Main can read from this buffer Main Program Results Buffer

28. Main creates a thread and passes it the buffer Main Program Results Buffer Thread 1

29. Main creates and starts another thread Main Program Results Buffer Thread 1 Thread 2

30. The threads write to the buffer, from which Main can read Main Program Results Buffer Thread 1 Thread 2

31. Conclusion Threads let you run concurrent processes. –Good for multi-core machines. –Good for services. Extend Thread/Implenement Runable Define a run() method.

32. Next Time Javascript