1. Prokaryotes and Protists CH 16

2. PROKARYOTES Prokaryotes have inhabited Earth for billions of years – Prokaryotes are the oldest life-forms and remain the most numerous and widespread organisms Colorized SEM 650  Figure 16.7

3. RNA might have acted as templates for the formation of polypeptides – Assisted in RNA replication First Cells Self-replication of RNA Self-replicating RNA acts as template on which poly- peptide forms. Polypeptide acts as primitive enzyme that aids RNA replication. RNA Polypeptide

4. Membranes may have separated various aggregates of self- replicating molecules which could be acted on by natural selection LM 650  Membrane Polypeptide RNA Figure 16.6B, C

5. Prokaryotes Small, relatively simple cells Do not have a membrane-bound nucleus Figure 4.3B

6. Branches of Prokaryote Evolution Bacteria and Archaea – Distinguished on the basis of nucleotide sequences and other molecular and cellular features

8. Prokaryote Shapes Cocci Bacilli Spirochetes

9. Structural Features Gram staining – Cell wall differences Gram + (purple) – Simple cell wall – Thick peptidogylcan layer Gram – (pink) – More complex cell wall with lipids bonded to carbohydrates – Thin peptidoglycan layer

10. Structural Features Capsule Pili Flagella

11. Growth & Reproduction Binary Fission Endospore

12. Innards Lacks membrane bound organelles Respiratory / photosynthetic membrane Small, circular genome Ribosomes

13. Nourishment Phototrophs & Chemotrophs Autotrophs & Heterotrophs Biofilms CO 2 Organic compounds Energy source Chemical Chemoautotrophs Photoautotrophs ChemoheterotrophsPhotoheterotrophs Light Carbon source

14. Archea Extremes Extremophiles – Halophiles – Thermophiles Methanogens

15. Bacteria Proteobacteria Spirochetes Gram-positive bacteria Cyanobacteria

16. Disease Exotoxins Endotoxins

17. Bacteria Uses Biological weaponry Bioremediation

18. Recycle chemicals and clean up the environment – Prokaryotes are decomposers in Sewage treatment and can clean up oil spills and toxic mine wastes Figure 16.16A, B Liquid wastes Outflow Rotating spray arm Rock bed coated with aerobic bacteria and fungi

19. Protists and Evolution Multicellularity evolved in several different lineages probably by specialization of the cells of colonial protists Unicellular protist ColonyEarly multicellular organism with specialized, interdepen- dent cells Later organism that produces gametes Food- synthesizing cells Locomotor cells Somatic cells Gamete 1 2 3

20. Protists are an extremely diverse assortment of mostly unicellular eukaryotes The parasitic Giardia Colorized SEM 4,000  Red blood cell Apex TEM 26,000  Plasmodium causes malaria SEM 2,300  Single celled algae

21. Symbiosis Endosymbiosis Secondary endosymbiosis Nucleus Primary endosymbiosis Cyanobacterium Heterotrophic eukaryote Evolved into chloroplast Autotrophic eukaryotes Nucleus Chloroplast Green alga Chloroplast Red alga Heterotrophic eukaryotes Secondary endosymbiosis Secondary endosymbiosis Remnant of green alga Euglenozoans Remnant of red alga Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Stramenopiles

22. Protists Diplomanads – Parabasalids Euglenozoans Alveolates – Dinoflagellates – Ciliates – Apicomplexans

23. Protists Stramenopiles – Watermolds – Diatoms – Brown Algae Amoebozoans – Feed via pseudopodia – Plasmodial slime mold Plasmodium – Cellular slime molds

24. Protists Foraminiferans Radiolarians Algae – Red – Green