1. Business Conditions-Charles W. Upton The Incidence of Taxes

2. Whom Should We Tax? Two major questions –Incidence –Efficiency

3. The Incidence of Taxes Incidence Who pays the cost of running the government

4. The Incidence of Taxes An Example 1,000 people earn $150,000 9,000 people earn $10,000 The top 10% earns 15 times as much as the lower 90% Government costs $10,000,000 to run

5. The Incidence of Taxes An Example 1,000 people earn $150,000 9,000 people earn $10,000 The top 10% earns 15 times as much as the lower 90% Government costs $10,000,000 to run Impose the entire tax burden on the top 1,000.

6. The Incidence of Taxes An Example 1,000 people earn $150,000 9,000 people earn $10,000 The top 10% earns 15 times as much as the lower 90% Government costs $10,000,000 to run Impose the entire tax burden on the top 1,000. Their earnings drop to $140,000 and the ratio is 14:1.

7. The Incidence of Taxes Going with the Flow 1,000 people earn $150,000 9,000 people earn $10,000 The top 10% earns 15 times as much as the lower 90% Government costs $10,000,000 to run Tax the top 1,000 $100,000 each, & give everyone $9,000.

8. The Incidence of Taxes An Example 1,000 people earn $150,000 9,000 people earn $10,000 The top 10% earns 15 times as much as the lower 90% Government costs $10,000,000 to run The top 10% now earns $150,000 - $100,000 + $9,000 = $59,000 The bottom 90% now earns $10,000 + $9,000 = $19,000

9. The Incidence of Taxes An Example 1,000 people earn $150,000 9,000 people earn $10,000 The top 10% earns 15 times as much as the lower 90% Government costs $10,000,000 to run The income ratio is  3:1 (Actually 59:19)

10. The Incidence of Taxes Progressive Taxes A tax is progressive if the tax bill rises faster than your income. It is regressive if the tax bill rises slower than your income Income Tax = 20% with $10,000 exemption

11. The Incidence of Taxes Progressive Taxes A tax is progressive if the tax bill rises faster than your income. It is regressive if the tax bill rises slower than your income Income Tax = 20% with $10,000 exemption $10,000 = $0 $20,000 = $2,000 (10%) $100,000 = $18,000 (18%)

12. The Incidence of Taxes The US Tax Code A tax is progressive if the tax bill rises faster than your income. It is regressive if the tax bill rises slower than your income First tax bracket is 10%. Next tax bracket is 15% Then 25% (eventually)

13. The Incidence of Taxes The Sales Tax A tax is progressive if the tax bill rises faster than your income. It is regressive if the tax bill rises slower than your income Sales tax is generally thought to be regressive.

14. The Incidence of Taxes Some Problems Is there a philosophical case for a progressive tax structure?

15. The Incidence of Taxes Some Problems Is there a philosophical case for a progressive tax structure? Don’t tax you, don’t tax me tax the man behind the tree!

16. The Incidence of Taxes Some Problems Is there a philosophical case for a progressive tax structure? Don’t tax you, don’t tax me tax the man behind the tree! Taxes have behavioral implications

17. The Incidence of Taxes Some Problems Is there a philosophical case for a progressive tax structure? Don’t tax you, don’t tax me tax the man behind the tree! Taxes have behavioral implications Consider the Hatfield “proposal” for a 100% tax on incomes above $200,000.

18. The Incidence of Taxes Some Problems Is there a philosophical case for a progressive tax structure? Don’t tax you, don’t tax me tax the man behind the tree! Taxes have behavioral implications Consider the Hatfield “proposal” for a 100% tax on incomes above $200,000.

19. The Incidence of Taxes Yet another problem

20. The Incidence of Taxes Yet another problem The first $X of income will be exempt, and the rest will be taxed at a constant rate

21. The Incidence of Taxes Yet another problem

22. The Incidence of Taxes Yet another problem The higher the exemption (the greater the progression) the higher the marginal rate.

23. The Incidence of Taxes Consumption and Income over the Life Cycle

24. The Incidence of Taxes Consumption and Income over the Life Cycle Some of the difference in income relates to where we are in the life cycle

25. The Incidence of Taxes Consumption and Income over the Life Cycle Pension plans switch income from high tax years to low tax years.

26. The Incidence of Taxes Consumption and Income over the Life Cycle

27. The Incidence of Taxes Consumption and Income over the Life Cycle When John Smith, MD is working, he makes more than Joe College, BA, but then he spend years in Med School and years in residency.

28. The Incidence of Taxes Consumption and Income over the Life Cycle Is it fair to take a higher percentage of Dr. Smith’s income than Joe College?

29. The Incidence of Taxes Consumption and Income over the Life Cycle Indeed, what about the comparison between Joe College and Hank High School Grad?

30. The Incidence of Taxes Another Query Who has the higher marginal tax rate, a typical college professor or Bill Gates? Probably Bill Gates, who pays capital gains rates of 20% on most of his “income”.

31. The Incidence of Taxes Payments in Kind There are other means of avoiding income taxes by taking your income in kind (perks). The CEO gets a fancy apartment in Manhattan, a country club membership, etc.

32. The Incidence of Taxes End ©2003 Charles W. Upton. All rights reserved