1. The Science of Biology
Chapter 1

2. Outline Properties of Life Hierarchical Organization Reasoning
Scientific Theory
Darwin
Natural Selection
Post Darwin Evidence
Unifying Themes of Science

3. Properties of Life Basic characteristics of living organisms
cellular organization
order
sensitivity
growth, development, and reproduction
energy utilization
evolutionary adaptation
homeostasis

4. Hierarchical Organization
Cellular level
molecule
organelles
cells
Organismal level
tissues
organs
organ systems

5. Hierarchical Organization
Populational level
population
species
biological community
ecosystem
Emergent properties
Novel properties that arise at each higher level
Biosphere

6. The Nature of Science
Much of the Biological science is descriptive
Biodiversity
Human Genome

7. Reasoning Inductive reasoning
Use specific observations to construct general principles (dogs, cats, horses and humans all have mammary glands. Therefore they all are mammals)
Deductive reasoning
Apply general principles to predict specific results (if-than reasoning; if whales, dolphins and seals are considered mammals than they must have mammary glands)

8. How Science Is Done All science begins with an observation.
A hypothesis is a suggested explanation that accounts for an observation.
An experiment is used to test a hypothesis, and/or eliminate one or more multiple hypotheses.
In a controlled experiment, all variables, but one, are kept constant.

9. How Science Is Done
Predictions should be developed before the experiment is conducted in order to test the validity of the hypothesis.

10. Theories A theory is: a proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon.
the body of interconnected concepts, supported by scientific reasoning and experimental evidence.
solid ground of science
A theory is NOT a guess.

11. Research
Basic research is used to extend the boundaries of current knowledge, and provides the scientific foundation used in applied research.
Results undergo peer review in scientific journals.
Results must be reproducible.

12. Scientific Inquiry with Charles Darwin
Served as naturalist on mapping expedition around coastal South America.
Argued operation of natural laws produced change over time, evolution.
explained by natural selection
species are not immutable

13. Charles Darwin

14. Darwin’s Evidence
Fossils of extinct organisms (armadillos) were similar to modern species.
Characteristics of similar species varied from place to place.
gradual change of organismal lineages
organisms on young volcanic islands resembled those on mainland coast

15. Darwin and Malthus
Thomas Malthus (Essay on the Principle of Population) pointed out populations of organisms tend to increase geometrically.
Unchecked populations should lead to population explosions, but most remain fairly constant between years.
Only a limited number of individuals survive.

16. Geometric and Arithmetic Progression

17. Darwin and Malthus
Darwin suggested individuals with superior physical or behavioral attributes are more likely to survive and reproduce than those without such attributes.
Selection
artificial - domesticated breeds
natural - organisms in the wild
Alfred Russel Wallace independently and almost simultaneously developed same idea.

18. Post-Darwin Evolution Evidence
Fossil record
Earth is older than previously believed
Mechanisms of heredity
modern genetics
molecular evidence
molecular clocks
phylogenetic trees

19. Post-Darwin Evolution Evidence
Comparative anatomy
Homologous structures
Have same evolutionary origin, but different structure and function.
Analogous structures
Have similar structure and function, but different evolutionary origin.

20. Homology Among Vertebrate Limbs

21. Unifying Themes of Science
Cell theory
All living organisms are made of cells, and all living cells come from other living cells.
Molecular basis of inheritance
DNA encodes genes which make-up and control living organisms.

22. Unifying Themes of Science
Evolutionary change
Life-forms have evolved varying characteristics to adapt to varied environments.
Evolutionary conservation
Some characteristics of earlier organisms are preserved and passed on to future generations.

23. Summary Properties of Life Hierarchical Organization Reasoning
Scientific Theory
Darwin
Natural Selection
Post Darwin Evidence
Unifying Themes of Science