1. The lack of efficacy among voters today Sandra M. Emerson PLS 205

2. Introduction Importance of public involvement in republic Structure of government that is deliberately complex.

3. Literature Review Demographic factors: Age Gender Ethnicity Behavioral factors: Education attainment Income Party affiliation Religious activity.

4. Methodology ANES 2008 Female, HS educated white and mid 40s. Politics /government too complicated-69%.

5. Is Gender a Factor?

6. Other Demographic factors? Age? Significant but little influence

7. Behavioral Factors Education √ (.233 college educated) Religious activity Income Political Party √ Others significant but weak.

8. Findings Gender matters with regard to efficacy What influences efficacy is elusive. Need 1.More concise question 2.Qualitative approach to phenomena

9. Questions