1. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. Unit Two Biological and Neurological Foundations of Communication

2. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 The Role of Genetics in the Development of Communication and Communication Disorders

3. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 3 Genetics Genetics is the study of: –Genes –Chromosomes –DNA

4. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 4 The Human Genome Project Human Genome Project website http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/H uman_Genome/home.shtmlhttp://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/H uman_Genome/home.shtml FAQs about the project http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/H uman_Genome/faq/faqs1.shtmlhttp://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/H uman_Genome/faq/faqs1.shtml

5. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 5 Genetic Effects Direct effect –Specific gene causes a disorder or anomaly Indirect effect –Problem is secondary to a genetic error

6. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 6 Syndromes A complex of signs and symptoms resulting from a common etiology

7. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 7 What to examine? Head Face Eyes Ears Dental condition Hands/fingers Feet

8. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Neurological Foundations of Communication

9. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 9 Central Nervous System Brain Cerebellum Brainstem Spinal cord Function of CNS –Communication of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron

10. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 10 Central Nervous System

11. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 11 The Brain Right hemisphere Left hemisphere Hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum

12. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 12 Functions of the Left Hemisphere Dominant for language and speech Processing rapidly changing information Perceiving and analyzing information in a sequential order Feeling and control of movement of the right side of body

13. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 13 Language Processing and Auditory Comprehension Skills Sensation Attention Auditory discrimination Auditory association Auditory memory Auditory cohesion

14. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 14 Speech Production Broca’s area located in left frontal lobe Plans, sequences, coordinates, and initiates motor movements

15. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 15 Functions of the Right Hemisphere Attention Orientation Visual perception Emotional experience and expression Cognition Feeling and control of movement of the left side of body

16. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 16 Cognition Attention Memory Organizing Planning Reasoning Problem Solving

17. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 17 Cerebellum Coordinates muscle groups for smooth and accurate motor movements Helps to maintain balance and equilibrium

18. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 18 Brain Stem Connects brain to the spinal cord Three components of the brain stem: –Midbrain –Pons –Medulla oblongata

19. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 19 Cranial Nerves Twelve pairs of cranial nerves Cranial nerves exit the brain stem –Extend to mouth, face, neck, and shoulders

20. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 20 Cranial Nerves I: OlfactoryVII: Facial II: OpticVIII: Auditory III: OculomotorIX: Glossopharyngeal IV: TrochlearX: Vagus V: TrigeminalXI: Accessory VI: AbducensXII: Hypoglossal

21. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 21 Spinal Cord Conducts sensory and motor impulses of the body to and from the brain Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves originate from the cord and innervate every muscle of the body below the face

22. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 22 Peripheral Nervous System Allows CNS to communicate with the body PNS composed of: – Cranial nerves that exit brain stem – Spinal nerves that exit spinal cord