1. The Irish Dilemma

2. Reasons Ireland might side with Britain’s enemies Anglo-Irish opposed independence

3. 19th-Century Dilemma No way found to govern No way found for self-governance

4. Political Defeats and Divisions 1801: Pitt the Younger on Act of Union 1829: Wellington on Catholic Emancipation 1845: Peel on Maynooth Question

7. Political Defeats continued 1846: Peel on Corn Law Repeal 1868: Disraeli on Irish Church disestablishment 1873: Gladstone on Irish Universities Bill 1886: Gladstone on Home Rule Bill

8. Economic Background Ireland not industrializing Most Irish dependent on agriculture Tenant farmers

10. Average Income in 1860s England and Wales: 32 pounds/year Scotland: 23 pounds Ireland: 14 pounds

11. Religious Background 75% of Irish were Roman Catholic Governing class mostly Protestant

12. Isaac Butt Charles Stewart Parnell

13. Douglas Hyde

14. Political Background Viceroy 100 MPs to Westminster No religious restriction after 1829 More Protestants met property qualification

15. The Mid-Victorian Years Daniel O’Connell

16. Population Change 1831: 7.8 million 1841: 8.2 million 1851: 6.6 million

17. Famine’s Effects Starvation and death Emigration Economic prosperity to the survivors

18. The Late-Victorian Years Home Rule Federation Parnell replaces Butt Irish Nationalist Party Election of 1885 85 of 103 Irish MPs for Home Rule

19. Arguments against Home Rule Would dissolve British Empire Would reward criminal behavior “Home Rule means Rome Rule” Protestant Irish opposed

20. Lord Randolph Churchill “Ulster will fight and Ulster will be right.”

21. Irish Land Act of 1881

22. Nationalist ideology