1. Q

2. The policy iteration alg. Function: policy_iteration Input: MDP M = 〈 S, A,T,R 〉  discount  Output: optimal policy π* ; opt. value func. V* Initialization: choose π 0 arbitrarily Repeat { V i =eval_policy( M, π i,  ) // from Bellman eqn π i+1 =local_update_policy( π i, V i ) } Until ( π i+1 ==π i ) Function: π’ =local_update_policy( π, V ) for i=1..| S | { π’(s i ) =argmax a ∈ A ( sum j ( T(s i,a,s j )*V(s j ) ) ) }

3. Q : A key operative Critical step in policy iteration π’(s i ) =argmax a ∈ A ( sum j ( T(s i,a,s j )*V(s j ) ) ) Asks “What happens if I ignore π for just one step, and do a instead (and then resume doing π thereafter)?” Alt: regardless of current π, what would be the best a I could pick for the next timestep (greedily)

4. Q : A key operative Commonly used operation. Gets a special name: Definition: the Q function, is: Policy iter says: “Figure out Q, act greedily according to Q, then update Q and repeat, until you can’t do any better...”

5. What to do with Q Can think of Q as a big table: one entry for each state/action pair “If I’m in state s and take action a, this is my expected discounted reward...” A “one-step” exploration: “In state s, if I deviate from my policy π for one timestep, then keep doing π, is my life better or worse?” Can get V and π from Q :

6. Policy iteration, restated Function: policy_iteration Input: MDP M = 〈 S, A,T,R 〉  discount  Output: optimal policy π* ; opt. value func. V* Initialization: choose π 0 arbitrarily Repeat { Q i =eval_policy( M, π i,  ) // from Bellman eqn π i+1 =local_update_policy( π i, Q i ) } Until ( π i+1 ==π i ) Function: π’ =local_update_policy( π, Q ) for i=1..| S | { π’(s i ) =argmax a ∈ A ( Q ( s i, a ) ) }

7. Learning with Q Q and the notion of policy evaluation give us a nice way to do actual learning Use Q table to represent policy Update Q through experience Every time you see a (s,a,r,s’) tuple, update Q

8. Learning with Q Each example of (s,a,r,s’) is a sample from T(s,a,s’) and from R W/ enough samples, can get a good idea of how the world works, where reward is, etc. Note: Never actually learn T or R ; let Q encode everything you need to know about the world

9. The Q -learning algorithm Algorithm: Q_learn Inputs: State space S ; Act. space A Discount  (0<=  <1); Learning rate  (0<=  <1) Outputs: Q Repeat { s =get_current_world_state() a =pick_next_action( Q, s ) ( r, s’ )=act_in_world( a ) Q ( s, a )= Q ( s, a )+  *( r +  *max_ a’ ( Q ( s’, a’ ))- Q ( s, a )) } Until (bored)

10. Q -learning in action 15x15 maze world; R (goal)= 1; R( other)=0  =0.9  =0.65

11. Q -learning in action Initial policy

12. Q -learning in action After 20 episodes

13. Q -learning in action After 30 episodes

14. Q -learning in action After 100 episodes

15. Q -learning in action After 150 episodes

16. Q -learning in action After 200 episodes

17. Q -learning in action After 250 episodes

18. Q -learning in action After 300 episodes

19. Q -learning in action After 350 episodes

20. Q -learning in action After 400 episodes

21. Well, it looks good anyway But are we sure it’s actually learning? How to measure whether it’s actually getting any better at the task? (Finding the goal state)

22. Well, it looks good anyway But are we sure it’s actually learning? How to measure whether it’s actually getting any better at the task? (Finding the goal state) Every 10 episodes, “freeze” policy (turn off learning) Measure avg time to goal from a number of starting states Average over a number of test episodes to iron out noise Plot learning curve: #episodes of learning vs. avg performance

23. Learning performance

24. Notes on learning perf. After 400 learning episodes, still hasn’t asymptoted Note: that’s ~700,000 steps of experience!!! Q learning is really, really slow!!! Same holds for many RL methods (sadly) Fixing this is a good research topic... ;-)

25. Why does this work? Multiple ways to think of it The (more nearly) intuitive: Look at the key update step in the Q -learning alg: I.e., a weighted avg between current Q(s,a) and sampled Q(s’,a’)

26. Why does this work? Still... Why should that weighted avg be the right thing? Compare update eqn w/ Bellman eqn:

27. Why does this work? Still... Why should that weighted avg be the right thing? Compare w/ Bellman eqn: