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Historical Perspectives in Special Education A brief review
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Ancient Views (BC) Seriously affected seldom survived birth Mildly disabled survived and contributed Belief in supernatural led to (2) different views: Demons; therefore kill them Unique; therefore revere and honor Regardless, those with disabilities were isolated
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An Ethical Dilemma Over 400,000 babies are born in the US premature They are at risk for life long disabilities Often policy to resuscitate all babies weighing 1 lb or more
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Greek and Roman Early: Away from supernatural to natural causes Holistic interventions such as: Diet Exercise Natural herbs etc Mind, body, spirit
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Greek and Roman (con’t) Later in this period: Need for military superiority Therefore, needed society free of “defectives” Returned to previous views of disability Called Era of Extermination Individual is what he is, now and forever
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Greek & Roman(con’t) Consequences of Philosophy: Punishment: Chaining Left on hills to die Thrown off cliffs Locked away Drown Father had right to terminate child’s life
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Locked away Thrown off cliffs Chained Greek and Roman treatment of the disabled
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Middle Ages Rigid caste system Era of Ridicule Those with disabilities were: Used as servants or fools Some were still put to death Dwarfs were used as clowns Overall, ridiculed for deformities and behavior
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Middle Ages Becky Judy
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Renaissance Era of Asylum Catholic Church accepts those with disabilities as wards of state Cared for in isolation No education at first, but humane treatment Belief: Once disabled, always disabled
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Industrial Revolution Era of Education Need for mass education, literate society, and good workers Vocational Emphasis Sheltered workshops emerged
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Early Education Efforts Itard-wolf boy, multi-sensory learning Sequin-training sequence Montessori-individualized and discovery learning These were some seeds of special education
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Maria Montessori Eduard Seguin Jean-Marc Itard Pioneers in Special Education
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Turn of the Century (early 1900’s) Early: Biological emphasis Institutional Care/medical model 1900-1950’s some classes for the mentally retarded
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Turn of the Century (con’t) Late: Environmental emphasis Veterans-rise in litigation and legislation Civil Rights movement in 50’s and 60’s
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Contemporary Issues Inclusion Zero Reject Litigation/legislation Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) Parents as equal members Collaboration between general ed and special ed
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