1. DR VINIT K ASHOK ADJUNCT FACULTY
HEAD AND NECK -1
DR VINIT K ASHOK
ADJUNCT FACULTY

2. TRIANGLES OF THE NECK POSTERIOR TRIANGLE BOUNDARIES
- ANTERIORLY----STRENOCLEIDOMASTOID
- POSTERIORLY---TRAPEZIUS
INFERIORLY--- CLAVICLE
CONTENTS
NERVES- ACCESSORY NERVE, CERVICAL PLEXUS, PHRENIC NERVE, BRACHIAL PLEXUS
ARTERIES-SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
VEINS-EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN
* WOUND TO THE NECK IN THIS REGION CAN LEAD TO PARALYSIS OF THE TRAPEZIUS AND STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID

3. ANTERIOR TRIANGLE BOUNDARIES
SUPERIORLY----INFERIOR MARGIN OF THE MANDIBLE
ANTERIORLY----MIDLINE OF THE NECK
POSTERIORLY—STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
CONTENTS
GLAND---- SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND
MUSCLES----- SUPRAHYOID, INFRAHYOID
VEINS--- UPPER PARTS OF THE JUGULAR VEINS
ARTERIES—UPPER PARTS OF THE CAROTIDS

6. UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
NOSE
EXTERNAL VISIBLE PART MADE UP OF CARTILAGE AND BONE
PROVIDES AIRWAY FOR RESPIRATION
MOISTENS AND WARMS THE AIR
FILTERS INHALED AIR
RESONATING CHAMBER FOR SPEECH
HOUSES THE RECEPTORS FOR SMELL ( OLFACTION)

8. NASAL CAVITY
LIES POSTERIOR TO THE NOSE. DIVIDED INTO RT AND LEFT BY NASAL SEPTUM AIR ENTERS THROUGH THE ANTERIOR NARES. LINED BY RESPIRATORY MUCOSA/ OLFACTORY MUCOSA
BOUNDARIES
ROOF- ETHMOID AND SPHENOID BONES
FLOOR – PALATE
ANTERIORLY-ANTERIOR NARES
POSTERIORLY- INTERNAL NARES ( Choanae). OPENS INTO NASOPHARYNX
LATERAL WALLS-NASAL CONCHAE
PALATE—HARD /SOFT ( SEPERATES THE ORAL AND NASAL CAVITIES. PALATINE AND MAXILLARY BONES( HARD)
VESTIBULE-SUPERIOR TO THE NOSTRILS( FLARED)
VIBRISSAE-NOSE HAIRS

9. RESPIRATORY MUCOSA
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM WITH SCATTERED GOBLET CELLS
GLANDS IN THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE ( SEROUS / MUCOUS)
SEROUS SECRETIONS ----DIGESTIVE ENZYME( LYSOZYME)
MUCOUS SECRETIONS---STICKY TRAP DUST,BACTERIA, POLLEN, DEBRIS FROM AIR. ALSO MOISTENS THE INHALED AIR
* RHINITIS---INFLAMMATION OF THE NASAL MUCOSA.CAUSED BY BACTERIA, VIRUSESOR ALLERGENS. RESULTS IN INCREASED SECRETIONS AND CONGESTION

10. NASAL CONCHAE
PROJECTIONS FROM THE LATERAL NASAL WALLS, MUCOSA COVERED SCROLL LIKE STRUCTURES
3 IN NUMBER SUPERIOR, MIDDLE( PART OF THE ETHMOID BONE) AND INFERIOR ( SEPARATE BONE)
GROOVE INFERIOR TO THE CONCHA ----MEATUS ( OPENINGS OF MANY STRUCTURES)
FUNCTIONS OF THE CONCHAE
CAUSES TURBULANCE OF AIR INHALED
HEATS THE INHALED AIR
MOISTENS THE AIR
HELPS TRAP DUST PARTICLES
RECLAIMS HEAT AND MOISTURE

12. PARANASAL SINUSES
AIR FILLED CAVITIES IN THE BONES SORRUNDING THE NASAL CAVITY
FRONTAL, ETHMOID, SPHENOID AND MAXILLARY
HAVE SAME RESPIRATORY MUCOSA
FUNCTIONS
WARMS THE AIR
LIGHTENS THE SKULL
GIVES RESONANCE TO THE VOICE
ALL OPEN INTO THE NASAL CAVITY ( MEATUS)
BLOWING THE NOSE DRAINS THEM
MAXILLARY SINUS DOES NOT DRAIN VERY WELL
SINUSITIS

13. PHARYNX
THROAT
CONNECTS THE NASAL CAVITY AND ORAL CAVITY ABOVE TO THE LARYNX AND ESOPHAGUS BELOW
EXTENDS FROM THE BASE OF THE SKULL TO THE C6 VERTEBRA
MUSCULAR WALLS ( SKELETAL MUSCLE) PRESENT THROUGHOUT THE LENGTH
DIVIDED INTO 3 REGIONS
NASOPHARYNX
OROPHARYNX
LARYNGOPHARYNX

14. INPORTANT CONTENTS IN THE PHARYNX
NASOPHARYNX---
ACTS ONLY AS AIR PASSAGE
UVULA PREVENTS THE FOOD FROM COMING BACK INTO THE NASOPHARYNX
ADENOIDS( PHARYNGEAL TONSILS) FOUND IN THE ROOF
TUBAL TONSILS FOUND IN THE LATERAL WALL
OROPHARYNX—
COOMON PASSAGE FOR AIR AND FOOD
FAUCES IS THE ARCH LIKE ENTRANCE TO IT
PALATINE TONSILS FOUND IN THE LATERAL WALL OF THE FAUCES
LINGUAL TONSILS COVERS THE POSTERIOR SURFACE OF THE TONGUE
LARYNGOPHARYNX-
COMMON PASSAGE FOR BOTH FOOD AND AIR
LIES POSTERIOR TO THE LARYNX
CONTINUOUS WITH BOTH THE LARYNX AND ESOPHAGUS
* TONSILS ARE PART TO THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND PROTESCT AGAINS INFECTION

16. LARYNX ALSO CALLED THE VOICE BOX EXTENDS FROM C-4 TO C-6 VERTEBRA
ATTACHMENTS – SUPERIORLY ---HYOID BONE
INFERIORLY ----CONTINOUS WITH THE TRACHEA
FUNCTIONS VOICE PRODUCTION
- AIR PASSAGE
- ROUTES FOOD / AIR TO PROPER PATH
FRAMEWORK - NINE CARTILAGES
- MEMBRANES
- LIGAMENTS
CARTILAGES EPIGLOTTIS
THYROID CARTILAGE UNPAIRED
CRICOID CARTILAGE
CORNICULATE
CUNEIFORM PAIRED
ARYTENOID

17. LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES THYROID LARGE SHIELD SHAPED 2 CARTILAGE PLATES
ADAMS APPLE( LARYNGEAL PROMINENCE)
EPIGLOTTIS
LEAF SHAPED
ELASTIC CARTILGE COVERED BY MUCOSA
STALK ATTACHED ANTERIORLY TO THE INTERNAL ASPECT OF THYROID
GAURDIAN OF THE AIRWAYS
CRICOID
LIES INFERIOR TO THE THYROID CARTILAGE
SIGNETRING SHAPED
PERCHED ON TOP OF THE TRACHEA

19. VOCAL CORDS PRESENT IN THE LARYNX
VOCAL FOLDS( TRUE VOCAL CORDS) ARE AVASCULAR AND APPEAR PEARLY WHITE
AIR EXHALED FROM THE LUNGS CAUSES THEM TO VIBRATE PRODUCING THE BASIC SOUNDS OF SPEECH

21. THYROID GLAND LARGEST PURE ENDOCRINE GLAND
LOCATED IN THE NECK ON THE TRACHEA INFERIOR TO THE LARYNX
PRODUCES HORMONES ---THYROXINE, TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND CALCITONIN
MOVES UP WITH SWALLOWING
BLOOD SUPPLY BY THE SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR THYROID ARTERIES

23. HYOID BONE LIES INFERIOR TO THE MANDIBLE BODY AND 2 PAIRS OF HORNS
DOES NOT ARTICULATE WITH ANY OTHER BONE
ATTACHED SUPERIORLY TO THE SKULL BY LIGAMENTS AND ALSO TO THE LARYNX INFERIORLY BY LIGAMENTS
ACTS AS A MOVABLE BASE FOR THE TONGUE