1. 480 seconds of Marcellus shale flowback water… Slide 1 of 73

2. Sea Water ~35,000 mg/l Typical wastewater ~300 - 500 mg/l Chris Kulish, BS CE 2010 Molly Pritz, BS Geol 2010

3. 800 psi, polyamide brackish water desalination membrane Through dilution only: 16 gas wells worth of salt per year in the watershed Chris Kulish, BS CE 2010

4. April, 2009Ch. 78 – Well permit fees from $100 to ~$1,800 - $3,000 February, 2011Ch. 78 – Outdated well casing standards updated OngoingCh. 93 – Water quality based standards August, 2010Ch. 95 – Effluent standards for Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Changes to 25 PAC –Environmental Protection

5. Conventional Phys/Chem Treatment Vapor Compression Distillation Centralized Wastewater Treatment (CWT) Facility 1,000 gal Blended flowback, 80,000 mg/LTDS 0.015 metric tons, 40% cake solids to landfill $40 ton $238 680 gal Distillate, 100 mg/L TDS 320 gal to out-of-state deep well injection, 250,000 mg/L TDS $91 POTW River Recycling, for fracturing free Public Water Utility or Surface Water $40, all costs included or $4.50 Permits Lagging

6. New or expanding CWT POTW Pre-8/10 authorized discharges Landfill Leachate TDS, bromide (Br-), radium, etc. Not well represented in monitoring plans from SRBC and USGS Possibilities still exist for emerging pollutants in surface waters. Migration from groundwater Public Water Supply Impoundment failures Faulty casings

7. Natural Organic Matter (NOM): 2. Non-aromatics Bromide Ion, Br- OH R NH 2 R River Activated carbon Pre-adsorption Coagulation, Flocculation, and Sedimentation Filtration Disinfection Brominated Disinfection Byproducts – carcinogenic Cl 2 Drinking Water Utilities are not as well equipped to prevent formation of brominated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). 1. Aromatics

8. Susquehanna River, Winter 2011 DBPs tend to be of the brominated type DBPs tend to be of the chlorinated type Kitis et al., 2001 Rebekah Hupp, 2013 ‘Degree of aromatic organics’

9. Kitis et al., 2001 Susquehanna River, Winter 2011 Theoretical Max = 3 If bromide discharges increase, recent samples suggest the Susquehanna may be more likely to form brominated DBPs than chlorinated DBPs.

10. So, ultimately, where is it all going?