2. REVOLUTION – 1970’s - PRESENT FROM PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSONALITY EARLY LIFE PSYCHOTHERAPY TO BIOLOGICAL DISEASE BRAIN MEDICATION

4. HISTORY DOMINANT IN 19TH CENTURY - DISEASE OF BRAIN MOST OF 20TH CENTURY - LIMITED TO MENTAL HOSPITALS

5. UP UNTIL ABOUT 1970 RISE AND DOMINANCE OF PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY LITTLE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BRAIN DISCREDITING OF GENETIC THOUGHT WITH NAZIS

6. EMERGENCE OF BIOLOGY SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION BEGAN IN 1970s MORE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BRAIN – HUMAN GENOME PROJECT NOW NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR THE STUDY OF THE BRAIN (CAT; MRI; PET)

7. EMERGENCE OF BIOLOGY PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS INSURANCE AND MANAGED CARE DRUGS CHEAPER AND MORE EFFICIENT THAN THERAPY CAN TREAT SERIOUSLY ILL

9. DSM-III (1980) REJECTED DYNAMIC MODEL OF DSM-I AND DSM-II ADOPTED DIAGNOSTIC MODEL

11. DIAGNOSTIC MODEL NOT CONTINUOUS, BUT CATEGORICAL SYMPTOMS INDICATE UNDERLYING DISEASES

12. PROBLEM W/CONCEPT NO “GOLD STANDARD” FOR UNDERLYING DISEASE CIRCULAR – USE SYMPTOMS TO INDICATE DISEASE BUT ONLY KNOW IF DISEASE THROUGH SYMPTOMS

14. CAUSES BRAIN DISORDERS OFTEN GENETIC VULNERABILITIES EARLY CHILDHOOD ILLNESSES OR TRAUMAS CURRENT TRAUMAS CAN CHANGE BRAIN

15. EVIDENCE FOR GENETIC PROBABILITY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA NO SCHIZ RELATIVES1% UNCLES/AUNTS/COUSINS2-4% ONE PARENT 6% FULL SIBLING10% DZ6-15% MZ30-40%

16. BASIC PROBLEM FAMILIES TRANSMIT GENES AND BEHAVIORS, VALUES, CULTURE, ETC. HOW SEPARATE GENETIC FROM ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES? TWO MAJOR WAYS

17. ADOPTION STUDIES GET GENES FROM ONE SET OF PARENTS AND ENVIRONMENT FROM ANOTHER SET NATURAL CHILDREN OF M.I. PARENTS RAISED BY NON-M.I. FOSTER PARENTS COMPARE TO ADOPTED CONTROL GROUP

18. HESTON STUDY 47 CHILDREN BORN TO SCHIZ. MOTHER IN OREGON M.H. 1915-45 AND TAKEN AWAY AT BIRTH CONTROL GROUP OF 47 CHILDREN OF NON-M.I. MOTHERS ADOPTED AT BIRTH

19. HESTON (CONT.) 17% OF CHILDREN BORN OF SCHIZ. MOTHERS BECAME SCHIZ. 0% OF CONTROL GROUP OTHER STUDIES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA ALSO SUPPORT GENETIC INFLUENCE (ALTHOUGH NOT AS STRONGLY)

20. OTHER ILLNESSES DEPRESSION AND ALCOHOLISM RATES IN ADOPTEES SOMETIMES RESEMBLE FOSTER PARENTS MORE THAN NATURAL PARENTS INDICATES ENVIRONMENTAL AS WELL AS GENETIC INFLUENCES

22. COMPARE MZ - DZ TWINS MONOZYGOTIC TWINS (MZ) - SHARE 100% GENES DYZYGOTIC TWINS (DZ) - SHARE 50% GENES RAISED IN SAME FAMILY, ETC. CONTROL ENVIRONMENT, VARY GENES

23. DIFFERENCES IN SCHIZ. SIBLINGS10% DZ6-15% MZ30-40% OTHER DISORDERS LESS DIFFERENCE BUT ALWAYS MORE MZ THAN DZ

24. LIMITS OF TWIN STUDIES MZ CONCORDANCE FAR FROM 100% ARE TWINS REPRESENTATIVE? EXTENT GREATER CONCORDANCE FOR MZ IS SOCIAL NOT GENETIC PHYSICAL SIMILARITY, MORE INTERACTION, SAME FRIENDS CAN’T LOCATE PARTICULAR CAUSE

26. NEURONS

28. NEUROCHEMISTRY NEURONS (BRAIN CELLS) RELEASE NEUROTRANSMITTERS (CHEMICALS THAT COMMUNICATE BETWEEN NEURONS) INTO SYNAPSES - GAP BETWEEN NEURONS RECEPTORS - ABSORB CHEMICALS

29. NEUROCHEMISTRY (CONT.) MENTAL ILLNESSES CAN ARISE FROM MALFUNCTIONING RECEPTORS TOO MUCH OR TOO LITTLE OF VARIOUS NEUROTRANSMITTERS

30. MAJOR NEUROCHEMICALS SEROTONIN - LOW LEVELS MAY BE RELATED TO DEPRESSION AND MANY OTHER MENTAL ILLNESSES DOPAMINE - HIGH LEVELS MAY BE RELATED TO SCHIZOPHRENIA NOREPINEPHRINE - HIGH LEVELS MAY BE RELATED TO ANXIETY

31. ?s ARE NEUROCHEMICAL ABNORMALITIES CAUSES OR EFFECTS OF M.I.? NO EVIDENCE YET THAT GENETIC/BIOLOGICAL CAUSES ARE MORE IMPORTANT THAN OTHERS