1. Initial Assessment and Management
Presented by
Abdulgadir F. Bugdadi

2. Objective
To have a quick overview of the principles of primary and secondary survey.

3. Adjuncts to primary survey and resuscitation
Preparation
Triage
Primary Survey
Resuscitation
Secondary Survey
Reevaluation
Definitive Care
Adjuncts to primary survey and resuscitation
Consider need for patient transfer
Adjuncts to secondary survey

4. Primary Survey

5. What is the quickest way to assess the patient in 10 seconds ?
A = Airway maintenance with cervical spine protection.
B = Breathing and ventilation.
C = Circulation with hemorrhage control.
D = Disability “Neurologic status”.
E = Exposure/Enviromental control.

6. Airway with Cervical Spine protection
Ascertain patency
Care to prevent excessive movement of cervical spine.
Equally important to recognize the potential for progressive airway loss.

7. Breathing and ventilation
Airway patency does not ensure adequate ventilation.
Examination.
Injuries that can impair ventilation in the short term …

8. Circulation with hemorrhage control
Circulation issues to consider include :
1. Blood volume.
2. Cardiac output.
3. Bleeding.
Hypotension following injury; hypovolemic.
Elements of clinical observation :
1. Level of consciousness.
2. Skin color.
3. Pulse (Pitfalls).
Pitfalls:
Elderly.
Children.
athletes.

9. Disability (Neurologic evaluation)
evaluation composed of :
1. Level of consciousness (GCS score).
2. Pupillary size and reaction.

10. Exposure / Enviromental Control
Completely undress the patient.
Cover the patient following examination.

11. Resuscitation

12. Usually done simultaneously with primary survey as “Aggressive resuscitation of life threatening injuries as they are found are essential to maximize patient survival”

13. Protect and secure airway (Jaw thrust, OPA….).
Ventilate and oxygenate.
Stop the bleeding!.
Vigorous shock therapy (2 large bore IV. Catheter).
Protect from hypothermia.

14. Adjuncts to primary survey and resuscitation

15. Electrocardiographic monitoring…
Urinary catheter… (Contraindications)
Gastric catheter…
Pulse oximetry.
Ventilatory rate / ABG.
Blood pressure monitor.
X- ray examination and diagnostic studies (FAST / DPL)…

16. Consider need for patient transfer

17. Which patient need transfer?
Don’t delay transfer for diagnostic tests.
Once decision to transfer the patient has been made, communication between the referring and receiving doctor is essential.

18. Secondary survey

19. When ? …
Head-to-toe evaluation of the trauma patient (History and physical examination) + Reevaluation of the vital signs.
Complete patient evaluation require repeated physical examination.

20. History
AMPLE history.
Blunt trauma, penetrating trauma and thermal injury history.

21. Examination Head : Laceration. Contusions. Fractures. Eyes :
Visual acuity.
Pupillary size.
Hemorrhage of the conjunctiva or fundi.
Penetrating injury.
Contact lenses.
Dislocation of the lense.
Ocular entrapment

22. Maxillofacial structures.
Cervical spine and neck :
Inspection …
Palpation …
Auscultation …
Chest :

23. Abdomen :
Exam. FAST, DPL or CT scan.
Perineum / Rectum / Vagina :
contusions, hematomas, lacerations ,rectal and vaginal examination.
Musculoskeletal system :
Inspection and palpation. (don’t forget the back).
hand, wrist, feet fractures may not be diagnosed in 2ndry survey.
(frequent reevaluation)

24. Neurologic :
Motor and sensory evaluation.
GCS score.
Lateralizing signs.
Spinal cord injury level.

25. Adjuncts to secondary survey

26. Specialized diagnostic tests may be performed to identify specific injuries.
Patient must be hemodynamically stable.

27. reevaluation

28. To ensure new findings are not overlooked.
Detect deterioration in a previously noted findings.

29. Definitive care

31. SUMMERY Preparation Triage Primary Survey Resuscitation
Secondary Survey
Reevaluation
Definitive Care
SUMMERY
Adjuncts to primary survey and resuscitation
Consider need for patient transfer
Adjuncts to secondary survey

32. END --- Thank you
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