1. Lecture 24 : Sensory trade offs 11/30/09

2. Opportunities at Shady Grove Adventist Hospital  Student scribes to work in emergency room  If interested, contact Michele Liscum Scribes America michellel@scribeamerica.com

3. Final projects next week  NO assignment due this week  Next week presentations Monday and Wednesday  Send me your powerpoint by noon on the day of your talk  Final projects due on Wednesday

4. MondayMondayMondayMonday #WhoTopic 1AminahIon transporter 2ChloeOlfaction 3SohanBat echolocation 4LibbyElectroreception 5UzairSweet taste 6JamieAutism and senses 7KarenFPR receptors 8Shewa*Bat vision 9Robin*Bitter taste 10Samiha*Nocturnal color vision

5. WenesdayWenesdayWenesdayWenesday #WhoTopic 1BobakPheromones 2SonalUmami taste 3ZanBat vision 4NadiaSweet taste 5JohnUV vision in birds 6LaureneBarn owl hearing 7ChrisSpicy taste 8NidalCat taste 9Eric*Insect hearing 10Jessica*Deep sea vision 11Naomi*Umami taste

6. Questions 1.What are the trade off between senses? 2.When are senses lost? Is this related to gain in other senses?

7. Vision  Can have independent gain and loss of spectral sensitivities Lose if no longer need Gain if new need arises

8. LWS RH2 SWS2 SWS1 RH1 Lamprey LWS Lamprey RHB Lamprey RHA Lamprey S2 Lamprey S1

9. Trezise and Collin 2005

10. SWS2 Monotreme SWS 1 RH2 SWS2 Davies et al 2007 Platypus

11. Marine mammals  Evolved from land mammals  Land mammals have two cone opsins SWS1 M/LWS

12. Placental mammals X X X X = loss SWS1

13. Marine mammals Unique gene losses in each lineage - separate events

14. New world vs Old world

15. Multiple LWS opsin genes in OW and NW monkeys OW NW

16. Human red and green opsins 530 nm 560 nm A S A A164S=+2 nm Y F T F261Y=+10 nm A269T=+14 nm

17. LWS opsin sequences in primates +2+10+14 164261269 Human560 S Y T Human530 A F A Capuchin563 S Y T Capuchin550 A F T Capuchin535 A F A Marmoset563 S Y T Marmoset556 A Y T Marmoset543 A Y A Combos of same sites in MWS and LWS of all OW monkeys

18. LWS opsin sequences +2+10+14 164261269 Human560 S Y T Human530 A F A Capuchin563 S Y T Capuchin550 A F T Capuchin535 A F A Marmoset563 S Y T Marmoset556 A Y T Marmoset543 A Y A Alleles Allele = different form of a gene which can vary in a group / population

19. OW NW Duplication event which caused tandem array of red and green genes to form Duplicated about 30 MYa

20. OW NW Human Gorilla Chimpanzee Marmoset Capuchin Howler Tandem array in OW NW monkeys - alleles

21. Most NW monkeys Males XY 3 possible dichromats Females XX 3 possible dichromats (R/R, O/O or G/G) and 3 possible trichromats (R/O, R/G or O/G) LWS SWS1

22. Allele tree Old world gene duplication occurred 30 Mya 5-8% divergent Howler monkey duplication is more recent 2.7% different

23. Why need trichromacy  Following slides from talk by Jim Bowmaker, University College London

24. Why trichromacy? Why two ‘LWS’ cone types? Dichromacy with a single LWS and an SWS1 cone type gives no red-green discrimination.

25. Trichromacy with two ‘LWS’ cone types and an SWS1 cone gives red-green discrimination. Ripe fruit and young, more reddish leaves can be detected against the dappled green foliage.

29. Gelada, Ethiopia Theropithecus gelada Vervet monkey, East Africa Cercopithecus aethiops Trichromacy enables new color signaling in primates.

30. Zhang and Webb 2003

31. Vomeronasal receptor pathway V1R, V2R G protein Phospholipase C Trp2 Humans, great apes and OW monkeys do not have functioning VNO. Why?

32. Trp2 is knocked out in OW primates + = open reading frame s = stop codon

33. Many V1R genes are also pseudogenes

34. Vomeronasal receptor pathway V1R, V2R G protein Phospholipase C Trp2 Humans, great apes and OW monkeys do not have functioning VNO. Why?

35. Coincidence in time  Trp2 gene lost 23-35 Mya  Lost V1R gene about 24 MY  Opsin gene duplication was <35 MY  Primates use sexual skin swelling to indicate ovulatory status If can use vision to determine ovulatory status then don’t need pheromones to communicate

36. Webb et al 2004

37. Relationship between vision and VNO? Human Trichromat No VNO OW primates Trichromat No VNO NW primates Dichromat VNO Howler Trichromat ?? Mammals Dichromat VNO Birds Tetrachromat No VNO

38. If vision displaces VNO  Expect howler to also have lost VNO pathway However, they find TRP2 gene is intact in howlers  Howlers also show behavioral evidence that use VNO Scent marking

39. Webb’s explanation

40. Gilad et al 2004: Does it happen in olfaction?

41. Method  Used degenerate primers to amplify suite of OR genes Examine 18 primate species Sequence 100 genes Calc % pseudo  Test method on human and mouse OR genes to see if identify diverse set

42. Test in human and mouse Human Mouse Actual # This method

43. % OR pseudogenes

46. Results comparison BeforeNew Apes33%36% OWM29.3%32% NWM18.4%18% Howler31%

47. % OR pseudogenes

51. Gains and losses  Do seem to be some trade offs  Will any of you find evidence for this in the species you are examining?