1. 1 Introduction of Clean Fuel to Vehicle Emission Reductions Integrated Vehicle Emission Reduction Strategy Workshop Jakarta, 16-18 October 2001 Kiyoyuki Minato Japan Automobile Research Institute

2. 2 199019952000200520102015 2020 Global Warming CO ２ Energy Air pollution CO, HC, NOx 2025 Year Current of Environmental ・ Energy problem

3. 3 Source: WHO Air Pollution in Big Cities

4. 4 Comparison of Passenger car Emissions Standards NOx g/km Year Gasoline Diesel fuel Euro 3 Euro 4 New- short New-long Tier 1 NLEV Tier 2 Tier 1 Euro 3 Euro 4 New-long New- short Tier 2 NLEV Useful Life (km) Tier 2 : 193,080km Euro4 : 100,000km New-Long : 80,000km ( Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) limits )

5. 5 Comparison of Heavy-Duty Diesel NOx & PM Standards g/kw-hr Year ( NOx, PM limits g/k-Wh) g/kw-hr New-Long Euro 3 Euro 4 New-Short NOxPM

6. 6 Year Market Share (%) in California Implementation Rates for Conventional Vehicles In California The percentage requirements for ZEVs are mandatory starting in 2003

7. 7 Goal is “Zero” Emissions US California HC NOx (g/mile) LEV I LEV II CBG Phase 3

8. 8 Maximum sulphur content limits (ppm) Year Final target : sulphur free Sulphur Free Fuels for Diesel Fuel

9. 9 World-Wide Fuels Harmonisation Category 1 Markets with no or minimal requirements for emission control; based primarily on fundamental vehicle/engine performance concerns. Category 2 Markets with stringent requirements for emission control or other market demands. For example, markets US Tier 0 or Tier 1, EURO 1 and 2 or equivalent emission standards. Regions of Asia, Europe and North America are now planning and implementing requirements for more stringent vehicle emissions control and reduced fuel consumption

10. 10 World-Wide Fuels Harmonisation Category 3 Markets with advanced requirements for emission control or other market demands. For example, markets requiring US California LEV,ULEV and EURO 3 and 4, or equivalent emission standards. Category 4 Markets with further advanced requirements for emission control, to enable sophisticated NOx and PM after-treatment technologies. For example, markets requiring US California LEV-II, US Tier 2, EURO 4 in conjunction with increased fuel efficiency constraints or equivalent emission standards.

11. 11 Emission Standards in Asia

12. 12 Number of Vehicles and Environment Policy in Japan Number of Vehicles (unit: million ) Year Passenger cars Truck/Bus 1951 Motor Vehicle I&M 1966 CO Control 1973 Emission Standards start 1980 Phased out Lead Gasoline 1970 HC Control 1978 Emissions Standards (the most rigorous in the world) 1978Introduction 3-way Catalytic for passenger cars Sulpfur contents 1976 0.5% 1992 0.2% 1997 0.05% 2005 0.005%

13. 13 Trends in SO 2 CO NMHC Concentration in Japan Annual Average SO 2 Conc. ppm Annual Average CO, NMHC Conc. ppm, ppmC F.Y. Average at Roadside Air Pollution Monitoring Stations Government data

14. 14 1.Improved Vehicle Inspection 2. Improved Cleaner Fuels phase out leaded gasoline reduction of sulfur contents 3. Improved Vehicle Emissions Standards 4. Promotion for Clean Fuel Vehicles CNG,EV, etc Proposition in Asia Countries