1. Database Management Systems ISYS 464 Fall 2004 David Chao

2. Introduction to Databases The most important component in an information system A group of related files –Created to support business operations: Day-to-day operations: TPS Decision-makings: MIS, DSS Strategic plans: ESS –Integrated to reduce data duplication and maintain data consistency

3. Traditional File-Based Systems A collection of application programs that perform services for the end-users. Each program defines and manages its own data. Example:

4. Comma-Delimited File It stores each data item with a comma separating each item and places double quotes around string fields. Student file with fields: SID, Sname, and GPA –“S5”, ”Peter”, 3.0 –“S1”, “Paul”, 2.5

5. Sequentially Accessing the Student File to Compute Average GPA Dim fileNumber, stCounter As Integer Dim SID, SNAME As String Dim gpa, sumGpa As Double fileNumber = FreeFile() FileOpen(fileNumber, "c:\stdata.txt", OpenMode.Input) Do While Not EOF(fileNumber) Input(fileNumber, SID) Input(fileNumber, SNAME) Input(fileNumber, gpa) sumGpa += gpa stCounter += 1 Loop MessageBox.Show(sumGpa / stCounter.ToString)

6. Limitations of the File-Based Approach Duplication of data –Data inconsistency Program-data dependence –When file structure changed, all programs that access the file must be modified to conform to the new file structure. –The definition of the data is embedded in the program. Fixed queries –No facilities for asking unplanned, ad hoc queries

7. Database Approach The database holds not only the data but also a description of the data. –System catalog (or data dictionary, or meta data) Data about data –Program-data independence

8. Database management System (DBMS) A software that enables users to define, create, maintain, and control access to the database. –Data Definition Language (DDL) –Data Manipulation Language (DML) –Control access: Security, integrity, concurrent access, recovery, support for data communication, etc. –Utility services File import/export, monitoring facilities, etc.

9. ANSI-SPARC Architecture A three-level architecture to provide data independence –External level: The user’s view of the database. This level describes the part of the database that is relevant to each user. –Conceptual level: This level describes what data is stored in the database and the relationships among the data. –Internal level: The physical representation of the database on the computer. This level describes how the data is stored in the database. File organizations, indexes

10. Data Independence Data independence means that upper levels are unaffected by changes to lower levels. –Logical data independence Changes to the conceptual level, such as the addition of new entities, attributes, or relationships, should be possible without having to change the existing external level design. –Physical data independence Changes to the physical level, such as using a different file organization, indexes, should be possible without having to change the conceptual level design.

11. Three-Level Example Employee Entity: –Conceptual design: EmpID – 4 characters EmpName – 30 characters DateOfBirth – Date field 8 bytes Salary – Number(7,2) Sex – 1 character –Physical level: Record size = 4 + 30 + 8 + 7 +1 = 50 bytes Sequential file with index on EmpID field –External level: EmpAgeView: EmpID, EmpName, Age=Year(Today()) – Year(DateOfBirth) EmpSalaryView: EmpID, EmpName, Salary

12. Benefits of Using Views Views provide a level of security. Views provide a mechanism to customize the appearance of the database. Views provide a consistent, unchanging picture of the database, even if the underlying database is changed.

13. Advantages of DBMS Control of data redundancy Data consistency Support Ad Hoc queries Improved data integrity, security, backup and recovery, concurrency

14. Multi-User DBMS Architectures Teleprocessing: –One computer with a single CPU and a number of dumb terminals. –Add burden on the central computer, which not only had to run the application programs and DBMS, but also had to carry out a significant amount of work on behalf of the terminals (such as formatting data for display) File-Server: –Applications run on workstations that contain a full copy of the DBMS. File-server acts as a shared hard disk drive. The DBMS on each workstation sends requests to the file-server for data, but none of the processing is done by the server. –Generate a significant amount of network traffic. Client-Server: –Computer network development –Balanced distributed processing

15. Client Database Server SQL queries Results Database Server: A high processing power computer with advanced DBMS. Client: A PC that runs database applications. SQL interface.

16. Client Functions Manages the user interface. Accepts and checks syntax of user input. Implements business rules. Generates database requests and transmits to server. Passes response back to user.

17. Database Server Functions Checks authorization. Accepts and processes database requests from clients. Ensures integrity constraints not violated. Performs query/update processing and transmits response to client. Provides concurrent database access, transaction management, and recovery control.

18. Advantages of Client-Server Architecture Enables wider access to databases. Increased performance: Different CPUs can be processing applications in parallel. Hardware costs may be reduced: Only server requires higher storage and processing power to manage the database. Network traffic is reduced: Only database requests and results are sent. Increased database integrity.

19. Database Application It is a program that interacts with the database at some point in its execution by issuing an appropriate request (typically an SQL statement) to the DBMS. Database programming

20. The three components in a database application 1. Presentation – user interface Menus, forms, reports, etc 2. Processing logic Business rules 3. Database

21. Categories of Database Applications One-Tier –Legacy online transaction processing –PC database application Two-Tier client/server –Client-based presentation. –Processing logic is buried either inside the user interface on the client or within the database on the server, or both. Three-Tier, N- tier –Processing logic is separated from the interface and database.

22. Two-tier Simplicity Provides a basic separation of tasks. The client is primarily responsible for the presentation of data to user, and the server is primarily responsible for supplying data services to the client. Fat client: –More functions are placed on the client Fat server: –More functions are placed on the server.

23. Three-Tier 1. User interface, 2. Business logic and data processing layer, 3. Database server. Advantage: –Implementing business rules as components. Objects that provide services to other client applications. –Application maintenance is centralized. –Separation of the business logic from the database functions. –Fit naturally to the Internet environment.

24. The Web as a Database Application Platform Three-tier architecture –Browser, web server, database server, processing logic Advantages: –Cross-platform support –Graphical user interface

25. The Web as a Database Application Platform Disadvantages –Reliability: Internet is unreliable and slow. –Security –Costs: hardware and software 20%, marketing 24%, content development 56%. –Potentially enormous peak load.

26. Major Databse Management Activities Creating database Updating database Querying database

27. Creating Database Analysis –System analysis Data Flow Diagram, UML –Data modeling ERD Design –Maps the data model on to a target database model. Implementation: Efficiently store and retrieve data –File organization and index

28. Updating Database Insertions, deletions, modifications –Insertion only, no deletion Concurrent processing –Read/Write Transaction management

29. Querying Database Relational algebra SQL QBE

30. New Developments in Database Object-Oriented database Object-Relational database Decision support with data warehouse Web based database applications XML database

31. Course Overview An introduction to the three-level database –Conceptual level: Data modeling, ERD, Normalization –Physical level: File organizations and index –External level Relational algebra, SQL, QBE Database management techniques