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Empirical Studies of English
Unit 13 Empirical Studies of English
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Major contents 13.1 Defining empirical research
13.2 Interview-based study of English 13.3 Questionnaire-based study of English 13.4 Experiment-based study of English
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13.1 Defining empirical research
conceptual research (or theorizing) empirical research Empirical research: Qualitative research Quantitative research P. 260 The table
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Variables in empirical research
An empirical research probes into the relationship between different variables. To do that, we raise research questions. What are good research questions? [P.260]
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Types of variables Independent variables (IV) Dependent variables (DV)
Moderator variables (MV) Intervening variables Control variables PP No. 1
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Hypothesis A. H0 = null hypothesis: There is no relationship between the English proficiency of Chinese learners of English and their use of conversational repairs. B. H1 = positive, directional hypothesis: There is relation between the English proficiency of Chinese learners of English and their use of conversational repairs. (i.e. the more proficient, the more likely to repair) C. H2 = negative, directional hypothesis: There is some relationship between the English proficiency of Chinese learners of English and their use of conversational repairs. (i.e. the more proficient, the less likely to repair) D. H3 = non-directional hypothesis: There is some relationship between the English proficiency of Chinese learners of English and their use of conversational repairs, but the direction is not specified.
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Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics
Types of data P.263 Mean, standard deviation P. 65 Frequency, percentage P. 264 T-test, ANOVA, Correlational Analysis P. 265
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13.2 Interview-based study of English
Types of interview Interview guide Steps of interview P P No. 3
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13.3 Questionnaire-based study of English
Designing of a questionnaire Steps of research when using a questionnaire
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13.4 Experiment-based study of English
Types of experiments Pre-test, treatment, post-test Internal validity vs. external validity Testing effects, pre-test effect PP No. 4, 5 P No. 5 Hawthorne effect
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Assignments PP P No. 9
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Self-teach: Language and Culture Language and Brain
[Comment on Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis]
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