1. CHAPTER TWO FEDERALISM AND THE STATES

2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 2 The Concept of Federalism Unitary, Confederate, and Federal Systems The Advantages and Disadvantages of Federalism

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 3 The History of U.S. Federalism Early History The Move Toward Federalism –The Articles of Confederation –The Constitutional Convention

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 4 The History of U.S. Federalism (continued) State-Centered Federalism The Growth of National Power Through the Constitution and the Judiciary –The National Supremacy Clause –The Necessary and Proper Clause –The Commerce Clause –The General Welfare Clause –The Fourteenth Amendment

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 5 The History of U.S. Federalism (continued) The Growth of National Power Through Congress –Taxing and Spending Power –Federal Preemption –Smothering (Then Resuscitating) the Tenth Amendment A New Era of State Resurgence?

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 6 Intergovernmental Relations Tribal Governments Interstate Cooperation –Cooperation Under the Constitution –Informal Cooperation Among the States Intergovernmental Financial Relations –Discretion of Recipients –Conditions for Grants

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 7 Models of Federalism Dual Federalism (1787–1932) Cooperative Federalism (1933–1964) –Contemporary Variations on Cooperative Federalism (Since 1964) –Nixon’s Federalism –Reagan’s New Federalism –Bush’s New Federalism –President Clinton, the Republican Congress, and the “Devolution Revolution” –George W. Bush and New Federalism

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 8 Federal Purse Strings The Importance of Federal Funds Here’s the Check and Here’s What to Do with It: Mandates, Pre-emptions, Set- Asides, and Cost Ceilings

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 9 Figure 2.1 Historical Trends in Federal Grant-in-Aid Outlays

10. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 10 Table 2.1 Federal Grants to State and Local Governments, 2004, in Rank Order

11. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 11 Table 2.1 Federal Grants to State and Local Governments, 2004, in Rank Order (continued)