1. Geostrophic and thermal wind

2. Reminder Geostrophic wind in pressure coordinates In the free atmosphere, wind is usually close to geostrophic. The departure from geostrophy is the ageostrophic wind Thermal Wind:

3. Worked Example 300 mb 700 mb 10 July 2006 Jet Stream, wind up to 60 m/s Same direction, but 20 m/s

4. Weather charts, 10 July 2006 300 mb Consider the geopotential gradient across the solid red line. Δz = 952 – 912 Dm = 400 m,  ΔΦ = 4000 m 2 s -2 Δx = 5.5 deg lat = 616 km (1 deg = 111 km)  p Φ = 4000 / 616000 = 0.0065 m s -2  U g = f -1 k x  p Φ = 54 ms -1 (f = 1.12 x10 -4 )  U g = 105 kt compared with 100-105 kt measured (1 knot = I nautical mile hr -1 = 1852 m hr -1 = 0.514 ms -1 )

5. 700 mb Consider the geopotential gradient across the solid red line. Δz = 316 – 300 Dm = 160 m,  ΔΦ = 1600 m 2 s -2 Δx = 5.5 deg lat = 616 km (1 deg = 111 km)  p Φ = 1600 / 616000 = 0.0026 m s -2  U g = f -1 k x  p Φ = 23 ms -1 (f = 1.12 x10 -4 )  U g = 45 kt compared with 45 kt measured (1 knot = I nautical mile hr -1 = 1852 m hr -1 = 0.514 ms -1 )

6. Thermal wind 700 mb 300 mb Camborne temperature at 700 mb = 5°, at 300 mb = -37° Valentia temperature at 700 mb = -1°, at 300 mb = -40° ΔT = 6° at 700 mb, 3° at 300 mb, mean around 4.5° Δx = 3.7 degrees latitude = 411 km   T = 1.13x10 -5 K m -1 ΔU g = - (r/f)  T Δln p = (286x10 4 ) 1.13x10 -5 ln(7/3) = 27 ms -1 Actual value is 30 ms -1 but the calculation is considerably cruder than the 3-figure precision implies.

7. Surface chart Temperature gradient coincides with a front