1. Effect of Pads 0.6  m chip June 2002 Final layout

2. Effect of Pads Left: “External” ring oscillator, 11 stages Below: Internal ring oscillator, 31 stages, output to divide-by-64 counter

3. Effect of Pads: Results Summary Internal Osc. External Osc. One-stage delay 112 MHz (31-stage) (equivalent to 1.16 GHz for 3 stages) 398 KHz (11-stage) (equivalent to 1.46 MHz for 3 stages) ~330 ps for internal, ~330 ns for external devices 0.6  m chip, measurements taken by Tektronix oscilloscope with 1 pF-capacitance active probe on the breadboard Speed ratio: 794.5 Load ratio: ~1000 Expecting similar results on a PCB with the active probe

4. Sidebar: Breadboard Capacitance Using a single inverter in 1.6 micron technology, put different extra load capacitances between the output of the inverter and ground Measured rise/fall/delay times and graphed vs. load cap. Extrapolated to where load would be zero. Results: The load capacitance of the bonding pad+bonding wire+pin+breadboard+active probe ensemble is about 15 pF. The probe is claimed to have 1 pF load. For the pad itself, Cadence extracts a capacitance of 0.24 pF, without the capacitances of the quite large ESD protection transistors. A minimum-size inverter has an input capacitance of the order of 20 fF. C bboard C extra V in V out

5. 3-D Connections Chip-to-chip communication between different chips with vertical vias that require 12m x 12m metal pads Cadence-extracted capacitance 9.23 fF: Same order of magnitude as inverter load cap Unknown: Extra effects of the vertical via column to be investigated in2out2 out1in1

6. 3-D Connections: “Symmetric” Chip New chip submitted with structures that can be connected in 3D

7. 3-D Connections: “Symmetric” Chip Same 31-stage planar ring oscillator with counter output Also 31-stage 3-D ring oscillator with counter output The proper pairs of pads have to be connected to each other through vertical through-chip vias post-fabrication for the circle to close. To counter input Simulation results: Planar: 142 MHz 3-D, six “layer”s : 122 MHz

8. 3-D Connections: “Symmetric” Chip Other Structures “External” ring oscillator: Bonding pads as only loads

9. 3-D Connections: “Symmetric” Chip Other Structures 3-D buffer 3-D 2-bit counter XOR gate with output buffer Phase delay measurement tests 100 x minimum size NMOS for gate current measurements

10. 3-D Connections: “Symmetric” Chip Other Structures XOR gate with output buffer Phase delay measurement tests