1. Animal & Human Tissues and Organ Systems Information downloaded off of the internet on 3-17-06 and modified from:  http://www2.una.edu/ekbruce/BI%20102%20Lecture/ch2 0%20lecture.ppt http://www2.una.edu/ekbruce/BI%20102%20Lecture/ch2 0%20lecture.ppt http://www2.una.edu/ekbruce/BI%20102%20Lecture/ch2 0%20lecture.ppt  http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey= 10360 The Multicellular Body

2. Stem Cells  Cells that have the capacity to give rise to many cell types  Some in adult tissues  But more cells with greater potential in embryos  Some object to the use of cells derived from human embryos

3. Impacts, Issues

5. Homeostasis  Stable operating conditions in the internal environment  Brought about by coordinated activities of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems

6. Tissue  A group of cells and intercellular substances that interact in one or more tasks  Four types Epithelial tissueMuscle tissue Connective tissueNervous tissue

7. Organs  Group of tissues organized to perform a task or tasks  Heart is an organ that pumps blood through body  Heart consists of muscle tissue, nervous tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue

8. Organ Systems  Organs interact physically, chemically, or both to perform a common task  Circulatory system includes the heart, the arteries, and other vessels that transport blood through the body

9. Epithelial Tissue  Lines the body’s surface, cavities, ducts, and tubes  One free surface faces a body fluid or the environment simple squamous epithelium basement membrane connective tissue

10. Epithelial Tissue – 3 types  Squamous – flat cells  Cuboidal – cube-shaped cells  Columnar – pillar or column-shaped cells

11. Simple Squamous Epithelium. LM X75. Credit: © Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited 310887

12. Stratified squamous epithelium from mouth mucosa. H&E stain. LM X100. Credit: © G.W. Willis, MD/Visuals Unlimited 301193

13. Human kidney tubule section showing cuboidal epithelium. LM X360. Credit: © Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited 316434

14. Human pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the bronchus of the lung. H&E stain. X180. Credit: © G.W. Willis, MD/Visuals Unlimited 164740

15. Simple columnar epithelium. LM X140. Credit: © Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited 310845

16. Glands  Secretory organs derived from epithelium  Exocrine glands have ducts or tubes - Secrete products into cavities  Endocrine glands are ductless -Secrete products directly into bloodstream

17. Cell Junctions  Tight junctions prevent leaks  Gap junctions connect abutting cytoplasms  Adhering junctions cement cells together Tight junctions Adhering junction Gap junctions

18. Connective Tissue  Most abundant tissue in the body  Cells are scattered in an extracellular matrix  Matrix is collagen and/or elastin fibers in a polysaccharide ground substance

19. Types of Connective Tissue Loose connective tissue Dense, irregular connective tissue Dense, regular connective tissue CartilageBone Adipose tissue Blood

20. Loose Connective Tissue  Contain fibers and fibroblasts  Fibroblasts produce and secrete the fibers  Loosely arranged in a semifluid substance  Acts as the framework for epithelium  Allows organs to expand

21. Dense, Irregular Connective Tissue  Contains fibroblasts and collagen fibers  Occurs in skin and forms tough capsules around organs

22. Dense, Regular Connective Tissue  Contains rows of fibroblasts in between parallel bundles of fibers  Tendons attach muscle to bone  Ligaments attach bone to bone  Contains elastic fibers that allow movement at joints

23. loose connective tissuedense, irregular connective tissue dense, regular connective tissue

24. Areolar (loose) connective tissue. LM X60. Credit: © Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited 317178

25. Collagen or dense connective tissue. X155. Credit: © Dr. David Phillips/Visuals Unlimited 98964

26. Cartilage  Cells are called chondrocytes  Cells lie in small chambers called lacunae, separated by a matrix  Also called hyaline cartilage

27. Hyaline cartilage. X64. Credit: © Dr. Fred Hossler/Visuals Unlimited 98769

28. Bone  Cells are called osteocytes  Cells are located in chambers called lacunae arranged in concentric circles  Also called compact bone

29. Bone section showing osteocytes in lacunae arranged in concentric circles surrounding Haversian canals. LM X75. Credit: © Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited 319245

30. Adipose  Another name for fat  Insulates the body and provides padding  Cells sometimes referred to as “ghost cells”

31. Human unilocular (white) fat and adipose (adult fat). H&E stain. LM X100. Credit: © G.W. Willis, MD/Visuals Unlimited 164732

32. In-text Figure Page 346

33. Blood  Blood transports nutrients and oxygen to cells and removes carbon dioxide and other wastes  Blood cells are separated by plasma Types – red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

34. Human blood smear showing red and white blood cells. Credit: © Dr. Gopal Murti/Visuals Unlimited 97962

35. Figure 20.3g Page 346

36. cartilagebone tissueadipose tissue

37. Muscle Tissue  Composed of cells that contract when stimulated  Helps move the body and specific body parts  Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

38. Skeletal muscleSmooth muscleCardiac muscle Figure 20.4 Page 347

39. Skeletal Muscle  Located in muscles that attach to bones  Long, cylindrical cells are striated  Cells are bundled closely together in parallel arrays

40. Smooth Muscle  Located in walls of many internal organs and some blood vessels  Cells are not striped and taper at the ends

41. Cardiac Muscle  Present only in the heart  Cells are striated and branching  Ends of cells are joined by communication junctions

42. Nervous Tissue  Detects stimuli, integrates information, and relays commands for response  Consists of excitable neurons and supporting neuroglial cells

43. Figure 20.5 Page 347

44. Neurons (nerve cells) are specialized cells that conduct nerve impulses. The impulses are then relayed through a long process called the axon. LM. Credit: © BBC Microimaging/Visuals Unlimited 98121

45. Neurons  Excitable cells  When stimulated, an electrical impulse travels along the plasma membrane  Arrival of the impulse at the neuron endings triggers events that stimulate or inhibit adjacent neurons or other cells

46. Neuroglia  Neuroglial cells constitute more than half of the nervous tissue  Protect and support the neurons, both structurally and metabolically

47. Major Organ Systems  Integumentary  Muscular  Skeletal  Nervous  Endocrine  Digestive  Lymphatic  Respiratory  Urinary  Circulatory  Reproductive

48. Integumentary System Muscular System Skeletal System Nervous System Endocrine System Circulatory System

49. Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Reproduction System

50. Major Body Cavities  Cranial cavity  Spinal cavity  Thoracic cavity  Abdominal cavity  Pelvic cavity Figure 20.6 Page 348

51. Planes of Symmetry frontal plane (aqua) transverse plane (yellow) midsagittal plane (green)

52. DORSAL SURFACE ANTERIOR transverse midsagittal frontal VENTRAL SURFACE POSTERIOR

53. Primary Tissues  In vertebrate embryos, cells become arranged to form three primary tissues: EctodermMesodermEndoderm  These give rise to all adult tissues

54. Skin: An Organ System  Outermost epidermis is stratified epithelium  Underlying dermis is mainly dense connective tissues  Hypodermis consists of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue

55. Functions of Human Skin  Protects the body from injury, dehydration, UV radiation, and some pathogens  Helps control temperature  Receives some external stimuli  Involved in production of vitamin D

56. Lab grown epidermis In-text Figure Page 350

57. Sunlight Damages Skin  UV light stimulates melanin production in skin; produces a tan  Tan is the body’s way of protecting itself against UV  Prolonged sun exposure causes elastin fibers to clump, skin to age prematurely, can lead to skin cancer

58. Figure 20.9 Page 351

59. Sunlight causes skin ulcers in a person with porphyria Figure 20.10 Page 351 Porphyria: A diverse group of diseases in which the production of heme is disrupted. Porphyria is derived from the Greek word "porphyra", which means purple. When heme production is faulty, porphyrins are overproduced and lend a reddish-purple color to urine. All forms of porphyrias are inherited. The key clinical features are skin sensitivity to sunlight and/or by intermittent acute attacks of abdominal and nerve pain.