1. Data Types

2. Composite Date Types n Arrays –Single and multi-dimensional –Arrays are single Type n Records –Records are mixed types

3. Array n Array is an Indexed Collection of Elements All of the Same Type –One-dimensional with one index –Multi-dimensional with several indices

4. Constrained versus unconstrained Arrays –Constrained »the bounds for an index are established when the type is defined –Unconstrained »the bounds are established after the type is defined  Each position in the array has a scalar index value associated with it

5. Array Definition Syntax and Example type Large_Word is array ( 63 downto 0 ) of bit ; type Address_List is array ( 0 to 7 ) of Large_Word ; Example 1 Example 2

6. More examples of Array Declaration type 2D_FFT is array ( 1 to 128, 1 to 128 ) of real ; type Scanner is array ( byte range 0 to 63 ) of integer ; type Sensor_Status is array ( Stdby, On, Off ) of time ;

7. Unconstrained Declaration of array type Detector_Array is array ( natural range <> ) of natural ; n The symbol ‘<>’ is called a box and can be thought of as a place-holder for the index range. n Box is filled in later when the type is used. variable X_Ray_Detector : Detector_Array ( 1 to 64 ) ;

8. Two Examples of Predefined Unconstrained Types type string is array ( positive range <> ) of character ; type bit_vector is array ( natural range <> ) of bit ;

9. Two more Examples of Predefined Unconstrained Types type std_ulogic_vector is array ( natural range <> ) of std_ulogic ; type bit_vector is array ( natural range <> ) of bit ;

10. Unconstrained Array Ports n 1. Specify Port as unconstrained n 2. Determine size of port by Index Bounds of Signal –e.g., AND Gates With Different Number of Inputs You do the following:

11. 1. Example of entity of Unconstrained Array Port entity And_Multiple is port ( i :inbit_vector ; y :outbit ) ; end entity And_Multiple ; i y And_Multiple You specify vector of bits with no number here

12. 2. AND, example continued architecture And_Multiple_B of And_Multiple is begin And_Reducer : process ( i ) is variable Result : bit ; begin Result := ‘1’ ; for Index in i’Range loop Result := Result and i ( Index ) ; end loop ; variable Signal created outside the loop i y You use Range so you still do not tell how many bits

13. AND, example continued y <= Result ; end process And_Reducer ; end architecture And_Multiple_B ; signalHere we finished architecture And_Multiple_B without specifying number of bits In the next slide we will call this architecture structurally and at this time the number of bits will be decided

14. AND, e.g., signal count_value : bit_vector ( 7 downto 0 ) ; signal terminal_count : bit ; tc_gate : entity work.And_Multiple ( And_Multiple_B ) port map (i => count_value, y => terminal_count ) ; i y And_Multiple terminal_count count_value 8 bits architecture And_Multiple_B n The Input Port Is Constrained by the Index Range of the Input Signal, i.e., An 8-Input AND Gate.

15. Array References n Arrays Can Be Equated, Rather Than Having to Transfer Element by Element n Refer to Individual Elements By: –1. Single Index Value, e.g., A ( 5 ) –2. Range: a contiguous sequence of a one-dimensional array can be referred to by using it as an index. e.g., A( 5 to 15 ) –3. Previously defined subtype –4. Index types do not have to be the same

16. Examples of Array Aggregate type Sensor_Status is array ( Stdby, On, Off ) of time ; variable FLIR_Status : Sensor_Status := ( 0 sec, 0 sec, 0 sec ); variable FLIR_Status : Sensor_Status := ( On => 5 sec ) ; Sensor_Status StdbyOnOff Changes only one field

17. Array Aggregate Syntax type Sensor_Status is array ( Stdby, On, Off ) of time ; syntax

18. There are two ways to refer to elements in Array Aggregate n Two Ways of Referring to Elements –Positional: explicitly list values in order –Named Association: Explicitly list values by their index using “choices” »Order NOT important n Positional and Named Association Cannot Be Mixed Within an Aggregate.

19. Example of Named Association in Array Aggregate others Can Be Used in Place of an Index in a Named Association, –Indicating a Value to Be Used for All Elements Not Explicitly Mentioned variable FLIR_Status : Sensor_Status := ( Off => 10 min, others => 0 sec ) ; Named Association: Explicitly list values by their index using “choices” Order NOT important

20. Example of setting many elements to one value in Array Aggregate List of Elements Separated by Vertical Bars, |. n A Set of Values Can Be Set to a Single Value by Forming a List of Elements Separated by Vertical Bars, |. type 2D_FFT is array ( 1 to 128, 1 to 128 ) of real ; variable X_Ray_FFT : 2D_FFT := ( ( 60, 68 ) | ( 62, 67 ) | ( 67, 73 ) | ( 60, 60 ) => 1.0, others 0.0 ) ; Here I set 4 elements of array to 1 all other to 0

21. Array Operations: element by element logic operations n One-Dimensional Arrays of Bit or Boolean –Element by element AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR can be done on array type Large_Word is array ( 63 downto 0 ) of bit ; variable Samp_1, Samp_2 : Large_Word ( 0 to 63 => ‘0’ ) ; Large_Word 0 63 0 0 Here we declare variables Samp_1 and Samp_2 that we will use next

22. constant Bit_Mask : Large_Word ( 8 to 15 => ‘1’ ) ; Samp_2 := Samp_1 and Bit_Mask ; Bits from 8 to 15 are AND-ed with Bit_Mask Array Operations: element by element logic operations

23. NOT Operations –Complement of elements of a single array, NOT Samp_2 := not Samp_1 ; Array Operations: element by element logic operations

24. 1D Shift and Rotate Array Operations n One-Dimensional Arrays Can Be Shifted and Rotated –Shift »Logical: Shifts and fills with zeros »Arithmetic: Shifts and fills with copies from the end being vacated –Rotate »Shifts bits out and back in at other end

25. Shift and rotate operations B” 1010_1100 ” sll 4 == B” 1100_0000 ” B” 1010_1100 ” sla 4 == B” 1100_0000 ” B” 1010_1100 ” sra 4 == B” 1111_1010 ” B” 1010_1100 ” rol 4 == B” 1100_1010 ” Rotate left Shift right arithmetic Shift left logic

26. Relational Array Operations n One-Dimensional Arrays Can Be Operated on by Relational Operators, =, /=,, >= –Arrays need not be of the same length –Arrays must be of same type

27. Array Operations: Concatenation n Concatenation Operator, & –Can combine array and scalar B” 1010_1100 ” & B” 1100_0000 ” == B” 1010_1100_1100_0000 ” B” 1010_1100 ” & ‘1’ == B” 1010_1100_1 ”

28. Conversion from one Array Type to another n One Array Type Can Be Converted to Another If: –Same element type –Same number of dimensions –Same index types

29. Example of Array Type Conversions Example subtype name is string ( 1 to 20 ) ; type display_string is array ( integer range 0 to 19 ) of character ; variable item_name : name ; variable display : display_string ; display := display_string ( item_name ) ; 0 to 19 1 to 20

30. Example of Array Aggregate n Assignments Can Be Made From a Vector to an Aggregate of Scalars or Vice-Versa. type Sensor_Status is array ( Stdby, On, Off ) of time ; variable Stdby_Time, On_Time, Off_Time : time ; Variable FLIR_Status : Sensor_Status := ( 0 sec, 0 sec, 0 sec ) ; ( Stdby_Time, On_Time, Off_Time ) := Flir_Status ; Aggregate of scalars

31. Predefined Attributes n Predefined Attributes deal with data obtained from Blocks, Signals, Types and Subtypes n Return values such as: – length of an array type – time since last signal change – range of values in a type n Predefined attributes are useful for performing certain type of functions such as: – timing checks – bounds – clock edge detection – type conversion We showed earlier attributes for signals. Now we show for types

32. Array Type Bound Example: use of predefined attributes attribute

33. Another Example of array bound

34. Multi-range array attributes

35. Array length attributes

36. Range attributes

37. Type attributes position function

38. Homework: Attributes Exercise

39. Example of using Attributes We calculate resistance dividing voltage by current

40. User Defined Attributes n These attributes attach data to objects n They are defined by the user of Data types n Data is constant n They are accessed with the same syntax as predefined attributes

41. User Defined Attributes

42. Records n Records in VHDL are collections of Named Elements of Possibly Different Types. n To refer to a Field of a Record Object, you should use a Selected Name.

43. Example of a Record * type instruction is record op_code : processor_op ; address_mode : mode ; operand1, operand2 : integer range 0 to 15 ; end record ; *Ashenden, VHDL cookbook

44. Records n Aggregates Can Be Used to Write Literal Values for Records. n Positional and Named Association Can Be Used –Record field names being used in place of array index names.

45. End of Lecture

46. Sources Prof. K. J. Hintz Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering George Mason University