1. An introduction to ancient Indian physics, medicine, & astronomy By Lauren Reykdal, Rajeev Stephens, Jacob Graf, &Nakul Mahna http://www.yogaschool.in

2. http://www.silentmotionyoga.com Ancient Elements & Atomic Philosophers

3.  3000 B.C. to 1000 B.C., Indians (Indo-Aryans) had classified the material world into five elements (aka Pancha Mahabhootas):  earth (Prithvi)  fire (Agni)  air (Maya)  water (Apa)  ether (Akasha)  These five elements were identified with the various human senses of perception:  earth with smell  air with feeling  fire with vision  water with taste  ether with sound www.thisismyindia.com http://www.unitedindia.com/laws_of_atoms.htm

4.  Kanada (6 th Century B.C.)  First Indian Philosopher  credited with having come up with the concept of atom for the first time  Kanada’s science and philosophy of the atomic theory of matter were written in sutras  Kanada’s atomic theory was advanced for his time  Pakudha Katyayana (6th century B.C.)  contemporary of Gautama Buddha  Like Kanada, proposed ideas about the atomic constitution of the material world http://www.unitedindia.com/laws_of_atoms.htm http://www.harekrsna.com Kanada

5. “ Ancient Indian theories were brilliant imaginative explanations of the physical structure of the world, and in a large measure, agreed with the discoveries of modern physics. “ - A.L. Basham, Australian Indologist http://www.unitedindia.com/laws_of_atoms.htm http://www.vedamsbooks.com

6. www.anantayurveda.com The History & Science of Ayurveda

7.  Ayurveda started in Ancient India approximately around 3000 B.C.E.  Originated from series of Ancient Hindu religious texts, the Vedas.  Stresses natural cures for health and mental problems; i.e. massage, herbal remedies, yoga, meditation, etc Ayurveda… “We’ve been doing this before Deepak Chopra made it cool.” ~R. Stephens

8.  Originated in approximately 3000 B.C.E in Ancient India.  Non-written records exist of Ayurveda before pre-Vedic times but became written word at 3000 BC  According to Hindu mythology, Dhanvantari is the founder of Ayurveda  Used during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)  Recently gained prominence throughout the Western world in the 1970s because of traveling Ayurvedic doctors. Dhanvantari: The Hindu God of Medicine http://deshika.files.wordpress.com

9.  Ayurveda uses herbs and plants as medicinal treatment, stressing the “all natural,” as opposed to medicines that are made through the mixture of chemicals.  Ayurveda believes that physical problems may have a mental, or even spiritual, root and therefore Ayurvedic treatment will commonly prescribe treatments for the enrichment of your spiritual and/or emotional life. Common “prescriptions” are yoga, meditation, massage, even journaling.  Ayurveda commonly tries to solve the problem bothering the patient as opposed to just the symptoms  Ayurveda deals with the mind and body as opposed to just the body. Herbs… … Or pills? Ayurveda: It beats Oxycodone.

10.  The most recognized face in Ayurveda would be that of Deepak Chopra.  Dr. Chopra founded the The Chopra Center, which does seminars year-round around the world.  The Chopra Center is a very large reason as to why Ayurveda is so well-known and widespread today  However, there are many other Ayurvedic centers throughout the U.S. and Europe, as well as in many other countries.  Despite the prevalence of contemporary medicine in India, Ayurveda is still widely practiced within the country of its origin Deepak Chopra

11.  Ayurveda bases treatment off of biological humors called Doshas. The three Doshas are:  Kapha (water + earth)  Pitta (fire + water)  Vata (space + air)  Doshas are found by examining your body structure, your facial features, sleep patterns, and mental status. Want to know your Dosha? Go here and take the quiz. http://doshaquiz.chopra.com/ http://www.ayurveda-music.com/ To achieve good health and well- being, doshas need to be in balance.

12. http://helloji.files.wordpress.com History & Early Astronomers

13.  Established in about 1 st millennium BCE.  Astrological concept was developed from vedas – religious literature of India.  Indian languages described astronomy as Khagola-shastra.  Religion and astronomy were interlinked in early ages.

14.  Aryabhatta (476-550 CE)  Came up with celestial calculations.  Calculated earth rotation per solar orbit, days per solar obit, and days per lunar orbit.  Very Accurate information without early century sources.  Also calculated value of pi and solar year.  Brahmagupta (598 – 668 CE)  Wrote astronomical text, Brahmasphutasiddhanta (628 CE)  Consisted of 25 Chapter; explanation of astronomical and mathematics concepts.  Covered various topics such as conjunction of the planets and problems of diurnal rotation  Observed Earth is spherical and moving.  Justified the illumination of the Moon by the Sun  Defined zero as the result of subtracting a number from itself  Gave correct equation of parallax. Brahmagupta http://astronomos.net23.net

15.  Varahamihira (505 – 587 CE)  Studied various astronomy like Greek, Egyptian, Roman.  Recognized the force of object falling to the earth known as Gurutvakarshan in Indian terms.  Made close approach to the concept of heliocentric.  Bhaskara I (600 – 680 CE)  Wrote Siddhantasoramani, consisted of Goladhyaya (sphere) and Grahaganita (mathematics of the planets).  Calculated the time earth takes to orbit around the sun to 9 decimal places.  Mostly contributed to Indian mathematics defining the first Indian decimal system. Bhaskara I http://www.ideofact.com

16. REFERENCES  Bhadra, Jayanta, 2008, Astronomy, Computer Science and Mathematics in Ancient India. University of Texas, http://www.cerc.utexas.edu/~jay/anc.html#ref.  Crystal, Ellie, 1995, Astronomy in Ancient India. Crystalinks, http://www.crystalinks.com/indiastronomy.html.  O'Connor, J.J. and Robertson E.F., 2000, Brahmagupta. University of St. Andrews, http://www-history.mcs.st- and.ac.uk/Biographies/Brahmagupta.html.  Wikipedia article, updated 2010, Indian Astronomy. Wikimedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_astronomy. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_astronomy  http://www.thisismyindia.com/ancient_india/ancient-india- technology.html http://www.thisismyindia.com/ancient_india/ancient-india- technology.html  http://www.ayurbalance.com/explore_articlethreedoshas.htm