1. EMEP Intensive Measurement Periods 2008/09 Aerosol Mass Spectrometer Measurements Eiko Nemitz Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), United Kingdom On behalf of The EUCAARI / EMEP Aerosol Mass Spectrometer Team

2. Background Limited data for the assessment of European Chemical Transport Models –EMEP daily filter-packs for inorganic components no reliable split gas / aerosol phase no information on diurnal variability –Even less information on OC Monitoring of chemical composition is becoming mandatory: –For Members to the UNECE CLRTAP / EMEP (bottom up) –For EU member states: Revised Air Quality Framework Directive Measurement methodologies poorly harmonised, no reference method

3. Conception of the EMEP / EUCAARI AMS Network EMEP Monitoring Strategy (2005-2009) –Request the introduction of “Super Sites” where chemical composition is monitored –During establishment period, organise “Intensive Measurement Periods” –Most sites with daily measurements, some with hourly or better, incl. AMS European EUCAARI IP –Intensive measurement periods April/May 2008 - LONGREX Intensive year 2008 Timing of national research activities

4. Real-Time Sites SiteJune ‘06Jan/Feb ’07April/May ‘08Sep/Oct ‘08Feb/Mar ’09 Auchencorth/BushUKQ-AMS/IC ICQ-AMS/IC Harwell/ChilboltonUKIC HR-AMS/IC HyytialaFIC-AMSC-AMS/NH 3 PuijoFIQ-AMS Helsinki (urban)FIHR-AMS VavihillSEHR-AMS CabauwNLIC HR-AMS/ICICHR-AMS/IC MelpitzDEHR-AMS PayerneCHQ-AMS/NH 3 JungfraujochCHHR-AMS Mace HeadIRQ-AMSHR-AMS Puy de DomeFRC-AMS IspraITIC San PietroITQ-AMS/HR-AMS FinokaliaGRQ-AMS K-PusztaHUHR-AMS Barcelona (urban)ESHR-AMS MontsenyESHR-AMS/IC

5. Jayne et al., Aerosol Science Technology 33:1-2(49-70), 2000. Thermal Vaporization & Electron Impact Ionization Particle Beam Generation Aerodynamic Sizing Particle Composition The Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) Non-refractory components to PM 1

6. (Dis-)Advantages of the AMS Approach Disadvantages: –Not consistent with filter reference method –PM 1 rather than PM 2.5 / PM 10 –No elemental (black) carbon Advantages: –Harmonised methodology (instrumentation, operation & analysis) –High time-resolution –Size distributions –Minimises gas/aerosol artefacts (e.g. NH 4 NO 3 ) –Includes information of organic aerosol speciation (most secondary organics contained in PM 1 ) –Models often predict coarse and fine (AN) NO 3 - separately, AMS represents fine NO 3 -

7. Sites of AMS Measurements during 2008/09 EMEP/EUCAARI Campaigns

8. Campaign Averages: Absolute composition of NR-PM 1 (* Data not yet available)

10. Campaign Averages: Relative Composition of NR-PM 1 (* Data not yet available)

11. Sep/Oct 2008 – Common Scale

12. Sep/Oct 2008 – Relative Composition

13. Feb/Mar 2009 – Common Scale

14. Feb/Mar 2009 – Relative Composition

15. Average Diurnal Cycles - Nitrate

17. The EMEP Model v3.0 European Eulerian Chemical Transport Model Open source: www.emep.int/OpenSource /index.html www.emep.int/OpenSource /index.html 50 km x 50 km WRF v3.1.1 meteorology, nudged to NCEP GFS reanalysis 2006 EMEP emissions

18. Sulphate – Preliminary Results

19. Nitrate – Preliminary Results

20. Fine Nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 -NO 3 - ) Field

21. NH 4 Cl vs NH 4 NO 3 (Sep/Oct ‘08)

22. Further Analysis PMF factor analysis of organic aerosol mass for quantification and model validation  Next presentation High-resolution analysis: –Elemental composition –High-resolution PMF –Quantification of organic nitrogen Use for model validation: –EMEP model –Euro-Delta 3 Model intercomparison  Tomorrow’s talk

23. Summary Powerful dataset to test European transport models in terms of –Synoptic transport (day-to-day) –Emissions and thermodynamics (diurnal cycles) Nitrate –Arguably best dataset on European nitrate to date –Dominates inorganic aerosol fraction overall –lower at European fringes (W Coast of Ireland, Crete, NE Scandinavia) and high altitude sites –Significant NO 3 - events in spring (meteorology ion& synoptic conditions; not due to ‘National Muck Spreading Days’) Different controls between continental (local production & emission) and marine sites (transport, air mass)

24. Data Availability Papers in preparation for ACP EMEP Special Issue –Bulk AMS concentrations (Eiko Nemitz) –Gas/aerosol partitioning (Eiko Nemitz) –Factor analysis (Andre Prevot) –High resolution data / elemental composition Data access –Ratified AMS bulk time-series data on EBAS (end of June) –Access to full database requires signing of EUCAARI Data Agreement –Involve measurement community in interpretation of model results! –Compiled database also available from me (en@ceh.ac.uk)en@ceh.ac.uk –Organic factor time series (HOA, OOA, BOA) available end of 2010

25. Next EMEP IMPs AMS measurements provide a powerful database with unified methodology, high time resolution, artefact-free NH 4 NO 3 measurement, information on organic aerosol –Dataset will get used more than filter datasets … AMS community ready for next IMPs: –Summer 2012 and either winter 2011/12 or 2012/13 Paired urban / rural measurement sites Collaboration with research projects –ACTRIS European Infrastructure Network (successor to EUSAAR) (long-term monitoring with 5 composition monitors, simplified AMS) –Mediterranean study ChArMEx– summer 2012 –London ClearfLo campaign – 2011/12 (talk later by David Green) Other measurements –VOCs (GC or PTR-MS) –Inorganic gases: NO, NO x, SO 2, NH 3, HNO 3, HCl

26. Contributors Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (UK): Chiara Di Marco, Gavin Phillips, Eiko Nemitz Paul Scherrer Institute (CH): Andre Prevot, Peter De Carlo, Claudia Mohr, Valentin Lanz Edinburgh University (UK): Massimo Vieno University of Helsinki (FI): Mikko Äijälä, Mikael Ehn, Heikki Juninen University of Clermont-Ferrand (FR): Karine Sellegri, Ralf Weigel, Evelyn Freney University of Eastern Finland (FI): Petri Tiitta, Tomi Raatikainen, Ari Laaksonen Institute for Tropospheric Research (DE): Laurent Poulain, Gerland Spindler, Hartmut Herrmann Jülich Research Centre (DE): Amewu Mensah, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, Thomas Mentel National University Ireland, Galway (IR): Manuel Dall’Osto, Harald Berresheim, Darius Ceburnis, Jurgita Ovadnevaite, Colin O’Dowd University of Manchester (UK): James Allan, Gerard Capes, Hugh Coe, Gordon McFiggans, Tom Choularton Lund University (SE): Joakim Pagels, Axel Eriksson, Erik Swietlicki Univ. Colorado, Boulder (USA): Jose Jimenez, Donna Sueper, Mike Cubison, Amber Ortega, Sanna Saarikoski Aerodyne Research Inc. (USA): Doug Worsnop, Sally Ng Finish Meteorological Institute (FI): Tomi Raatikainen, Samara Carbone, Ari Laaksonen Carnegie Mellon Univ. (USA): Lea Hildebrand University of Patras (GR): Spyros Pandis

28. April/May 2008 – Common Relative Scale

29. April/May 2008

30. April/May 2008 – Relative Composition

31. Sep/Oct 2008

32. Feb/Mar 2009