1. The Brain & Cranial Nerves
Ch 14

2. brain
spine

3. Development of the neural tube from embryonic ectoderm

4. Embryonic Development

5. Brain Development

6. Coverings of the Brain- Meninges
skin
skull
dura mater
arachnoid layer
pia mater
cerebral cortex

7. Menenges:
Covers and protects CNS
Protects blood vessels and encloses venus sinuses
Contains CSF
Forms partition within the skull

8. Cerebruspinal Fluid Brain Ventricles CSF Spinal Cord Rt. Ventricle
Lf. Ventricle
Anterior View
Saggital View

9. Ventricles

10. Supplies brain with nutrition
CSF
150 ml in adult
contains: glucose, proteins,lactic acid, urea, cations, anions, WBC
Functions:
Reduces wt. of brain by 97%
Prevents head injury
Supplies brain with nutrition
Transports hormones along ventricular channels

11. The Brain The Cerebrum Occipital Lobe Parietal Lobe Frontal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Brainstem
Cerebellum
The Brain

12. corpus callosum cerebrum thalamus hypothalamus cerebellum pituitary
Pineal gland
hypothalamus
cerebellum
pituitary
Major Regions of the Brain
pons
medulla oblongata
spinal cord

13. Cerebrum Involved with higher brain functions.
Processes sensory information.
Initiates motor functions.
Integrates information.

14. Cerebrum Cross-Section
cerebral cortex
white matter
corpus callosum
basal ganglia
ventricles

15. Motor, Sensory & Association Cortex
Functional Regions of the Cerebrum

16. Primary Sensory Cortex
Motor Areas and Sensory Areas of the Cebral Cortex

17. Primary Motor Cortex
Motor Areas and Sensory Areas of the Cebral Cortex

18. Right-Left Specialization of the Cerebrum
left side
language development
mathematical & learning capabilities
sequential thought processes
right side
visual spatial skills
musical and artistic activities
intuitive abilities

19. Diencephalon
hypothalamus
thalamus
pituitary

20. Diencephalon

21. Thalamus
Relay center for sensory tracts from the spinal cord to the cerebrum.
Contains centers for sensation of pain, temperature, and touch.
Involved with emotions and alerting or arousal mechanisms.

22. The Reticular Formation

23. Hypothalamus Regulates:
autonomic control center- blood pressure, rate and force of heart contraction, center for emotional response and behavior
body temperature
water balance and thirst
sleep/wake cycles
appetite
sexual arousal
control of endocrine functioning:
Acts on the pituitary gland through the release of neurosecretions.

24. Hypothalamus

25. The Limbic System
The Limbic System
The Limbic System

26. Midbrain
Contains ascending and descending tracts to the cerebrum and thalamus.
Reflex center for eye muscles.
Also involved with processing visual and auditory information (connects head movements with visual and auditory stimuli).

27. Pons
Connects the two halves of the cerebellum.
Regulates breathing.

28. Medulla Oblongata
Composed of nerve tracts to and from the brain (these tracts cross over left to right and right to left)
May be regarded as an extension of the spinal cord
Almost all of the cranial nerves arise from this region

29. Medulla Oblongata
Contains control centers for many subconscious activities
Respiratory rate
Heart rate
Arteriole constriction
Swallowing
Hiccupping
Coughing
Sneezing

30. Cerebellum Controls and coordinates muscular activity.
Important in equilibrium, posture and movement.

31. Cranial Nerves Olfactory- smell Optic- vision
On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Fat Voracious German Viewed A Hop
Olfactory- smell
Optic- vision
Oculomotor- 4 of the 6 extrinsic eye muscles
Trochlear- extrinsic eye muscles
Trigeminal- sensory fibers to the face and motor fibers to the chewing muscles
Abducens- controls eye muscles that turn the eye laterally
Facial- facial expression
Vestibulocochlear- hearing and balance
Glosopharyngeal- tongue and pharynx
Vagus- from medulla- acetylcholine slows heart & breathing
Accessory- accessory part of vagus nerve
Hypoglossal- moves muscles under tongue

32. Cranial Nerves Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal

33. Olfactory Nerves I Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract
Filaments of olfactory nerve
Olfactory receptor cell

34. Optic Nerves II

35. Oculomotor Nerves III

36. Trochlear Nerves IV

37. Trigeminal Nerves V

38. Abducens Nerves VI

39. Facial Nerves VII

40. Vestibulochoclear Nerves VIII

41. Glosopharyngeal Nerves IX

42. Vagus Nerves X

43. Accessory Nerves XI

44. Hypoglossal Nerves XII

45. Subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage Contrecoup injury
Traumatic Brain Injuries
Concussion
Contusion
Subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage
Contrecoup injury

46. Ischemia Thrombus Embolism Arteriosclerosis Stroke
Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVAs)
Ischemia
Thrombus
Embolism
Arteriosclerosis
Stroke

48. Degenerative brain diseases
Alzheimer’s
Down’s
Parkinson’s
Huntington’s Chorea MS
Epilepsy
Schizophrenia

50. PET Scans
F-Dopa deficiency