0. Pricing Considerations and Approaches
Chapter 11

1. Objectives
Understand the internal factors affecting a firm’s pricing decisions.
Understand the external factors affecting pricing decisions, including the impact of consumer perceptions of price and value.
Be able to contrast the three general approaches to setting prices.

2. c
Priceline.com
“Buyer-driven commerce” concept offers lower prices to consumers and the ability to sell excess inventory to sellers
13.5 million user customer base
Tremendous growth
Most deals relate to travel or time sensitive/ perishable services
Not all ventures have been profitable
Some customers find it difficult to commit to purchase prior to learning details

3. What is Price? Price Has Many Names Rent Fee Rate Commission
Assessment
Tuition
Fare
Toll
Premium
Retainer
Bribe
Salary
Wage
Interest
Tax

4. Definition
Price
The amount of money charged for a product or service, or the sum of the values that consumers exchange for the benefits of having or using the product or service.

5. What is Price? Dynamic Pricing on the Web allows SELLERS to:
Charge lower prices, reap higher margins.
Monitor customer behavior and tailor offers.
Change prices on the fly to adjust for changes in demand or costs.
Negotiate prices in online auctions and exchanges.

6. MySimon is one of several independent web sites that provides product price comparisons.

7. What is Price? Dynamic Pricing on the Web allows BUYERS to:
Get instant price comparisons from thousands of vendors.
Find and negotiate lower prices.
Negotiate prices in online auctions and exchanges.

8. What is Price? Price and the Marketing Mix: Price Competition
Only element to produce revenues
Most flexible element
Can be changed quickly
Price Competition
Common Pricing Mistakes

9. Factors Affecting Price Decisions
Figure 11-1:
Factors Affecting Price Decisions

10. Factors to Consider When Setting Price
Market positioning influences strategy
Other pricing objectives:
Survival
Current profit maximization
Market share leadership
Product quality leadership
Not-for-profit objectives:
Partial or full cost recovery
Social pricing
Internal Factors
Marketing objectives
Marketing mix strategies
Costs
Organizational considerations

11. Product quality leadership:
Four Seasons starts with very high quality service, then charges a price to match.

12. Factors to Consider When Setting Price
Pricing must be carefully coordinated with the other marketing mix elements
Target costing is often used to support product positioning strategies based on price
Nonprice positioning can also be used
Internal Factors
Marketing objectives
Marketing mix strategies
Costs
Organizational considerations

13. Swatch used target costing to manage costs carefully and create a watch offering the right blend of fashion and functions at a price consumers would pay.

14. Factors to Consider When Setting Price
Types of costs:
Variable
Fixed
Total costs
How costs vary at different production levels will influence price-setting
Experience (learning) curve effects on price
Internal Factors
Marketing objectives
Marketing mix strategies
Costs
Organizational considerations

15. Cost Per Unit at Different Production Levels
Figure 11-2:
Cost Per Unit at Different Production Levels

16. Cost Per Unit As a Function of Accumulated Production
Figure 11-3:
Cost Per Unit As a Function of Accumulated Production

17. Factors to Consider When Setting Price
Who sets the price?
Small companies: CEO or top management
Large companies: Divisional or product line managers
Price negotiation is common in industrial settings
Some industries have pricing departments
Internal Factors
Marketing objectives
Marketing mix strategies
Costs
Organizational considerations

18. External factors must also be considered when planning pricing strategy.

19. Factors to Consider When Setting Price
Types of markets
Pure competition
Monopolistic competition
Oligopolistic competition
Pure monopoly
Consumer perceptions of price and value
Price-demand relationship
Demand curve
Price elasticity of demand
External Factors
Nature of market and demand
Competitors’ costs, prices, and offers
Other environmental elements

20. Discussion Question
How would you characterize the type of market – in terms of level of competition – for the following:
Electricity and gas utilities
Cable TV, Internet services
Local, long-distance, wireless telephone service

21. Figure 11-4:
Demand Curves

22. Demand curves sometimes slope upward— Gibson learned that its high-quality guitars didn’t sell as well at lower prices

23. Factors to Consider When Setting Price
Consider competitors’ costs, prices, and possible reactions when developing a pricing strategy
Pricing strategy influences the nature of competition
Low-price low-margin strategies inhibit competition
High-price high-margin strategies attract competition
Benchmarking costs against the competition is recommended
External Factors
Nature of market and demand
Competitors’ costs, prices, and offers
Other environmental elements

24. PC marketing has become extremely price competitive.
Knowledge of competitive prices, offers, and costs is key to pricing strategy.

25. Factors to Consider When Setting Price
Economic conditions
Affect production costs
Affect buyer perceptions of price and value
Reseller reactions to prices must be considered
Government may limit or restrict pricing options
Social considerations may be taken into account
External Factors
Nature of market and demand
Competitors’ costs, prices, and offers
Other environmental elements

26. Major Considerations in Setting Price
Figure 11-5:
Major Considerations in Setting Price

27. General Pricing Approaches
Cost-Based Pricing: Cost-Plus Pricing
Adding a standard markup to cost
Ignores demand and competition
Popular pricing technique because:
It simplifies the pricing process
Price competition may be minimized
It is perceived as fairer to both buyers and sellers

28. General Pricing Approaches
Cost-Based Pricing Example
Variable costs: $ Fixed costs: $ 500,000
Expected sales: 100,000 units Desired Sales Markup: 20%
Variable Cost + Fixed Costs/Unit Sales = Unit Cost
$20 + $500,000/100,000 = $25 per unit
Unit Cost/(1 – Desired Return on Sales) = Markup Price
$25 / ( ) = $31.25

29. General Pricing Approaches
Cost-Based Pricing: Break-Even Analysis and Target Profit Pricing
Break-even charts show total cost and total revenues at different levels of unit volume.
The intersection of the total revenue and total cost curves is the break-even point.
Companies wishing to make a profit must exceed the break-even unit volume.

30. Break-Even Chart for Determining Target Price
Figure 11-6:
Break-Even Chart for Determining Target Price

31. Discussion Question Assume the following costs:
Fixed costs (FC): $ 500,000
Variable cost/unit (VC): $ 10.00
Recalling that BE = FC/(P-VC), calculate the break-even unit volume at selling prices of $15.00 and $20.00 per unit.
How many units would need to be sold if a profit of $250,000 was desired?

32. Cost-Based Versus Value-Based Pricing
Figure 11-7:
Cost-Based Versus Value-Based Pricing

33. General Pricing Approaches
Value-Based Pricing:
Uses buyers’ perceptions of value rather than seller’s costs to set price.
Measuring perceived value can be difficult.
Consumer attitudes toward price and quality have shifted during the last decade.
Introduction of less expensive versions of established brands has become common.

34. Perceived value reflects more than just the functional benefits of a product. The pen at left costs $185.00

35. General Pricing Approaches
Value-Based Pricing:
Business-to-business firms seek to retain pricing power
Value-added strategies can help
Value pricing at the retail level
Everyday low pricing (EDLP) vs. high-low pricing

36. General Pricing Approaches
Competition-Based Pricing:
Also called going-rate pricing
May price at the same level, above, or below the competition
Bidding for jobs is another variation of competition-based pricing
Sealed bid pricing

37. BusinessNow Metreo Video Clip
Pricing in business-to-business sales is often negotiable. Metreo’s software helps companies make pricing decisions.
Click the picture above to play video