1. Chapter 11 Using and Managing Data

2. Case Study Spreadsheets Spreadsheets Databases Databases Symbolic and numeric computation Symbolic and numeric computation

3. Spreadsheet An electronic spreadsheet combines elements of: An electronic spreadsheet combines elements of: A calculatorA calculator A word processorA word processor A database managerA database manager A graphing toolA graphing tool A modeling and forecasting toolA modeling and forecasting tool An account ’ s ledgerAn account ’ s ledger VisiCalc (first spreadsheet software), MS Excel VisiCalc (first spreadsheet software), MS Excel

4. Basic Operation An empty spreadsheet contains a two-dimensional grid of cells. An empty spreadsheet contains a two-dimensional grid of cells. Rows are labeled by 1,2,3, … Rows are labeled by 1,2,3, … Columns are labeled by letters A through Z, then AA,AB, and so on. Columns are labeled by letters A through Z, then AA,AB, and so on. Block of cells can be named and later referred. Block of cells can be named and later referred.

5. Information Type Text information, or label Text information, or label Numeric value Numeric value Mathematical formula Mathematical formula

6. Bells and Whistles Graphing tool Graphing tool Macro: a series of instructions bundled together and given a name, essentially a computer program. Macro: a series of instructions bundled together and given a name, essentially a computer program.

7. Computer Science Issues Three-levels of programming: Three-levels of programming: Macro: highest levelMacro: highest level Programming environment based on a graphical user interface: intermediate levelProgramming environment based on a graphical user interface: intermediate level Carrying out basic computations, such as: A1*B1*C1: lowest-levelCarrying out basic computations, such as: A1*B1*C1: lowest-level

8. File Management Files Files File manager File manager Directory structure Directory structure Operating system Operating system

9. Data Organization Bits Bits Bytes Bytes Fields Fields Records Records Files Files Databases Databases

10. Database Management Systems A database management system (DBMS) manages the files in a database. A database management system (DBMS) manages the files in a database. Relational database model: proposed by Edgar F. Codd. Relational database model: proposed by Edgar F. Codd. Table represents information about an entity, a fundamental distinguishable object. Table represents information about an entity, a fundamental distinguishable object.

11. Relational Database Model A row (tuple) of the table contains data about one instance of the entity. A row (tuple) of the table contains data about one instance of the entity. Each category of information (ID, Name, Age … ) is called an attribute. Each category of information (ID, Name, Age … ) is called an attribute. A primary key is an attribute or combination of attributes that uniquely identifies a tuple. (ID) A primary key is an attribute or combination of attributes that uniquely identifies a tuple. (ID) SQL commands SQL commands IDNameAge PayRat e HoursPay 86J. Kay5116.6941560.4 123F. Perreira188.51851572.5 149F. Takasano4312.352503087.5 71J. Kay5317.82454361 165B. Honou176.753355.1

12. Foreign Key In the ‘ Insurance ’ table, there is a composite primary key: both ID and PlanType are needed to identify a tuple uniquely. In the ‘ Insurance ’ table, there is a composite primary key: both ID and PlanType are needed to identify a tuple uniquely. ID attribute is a foreign key into the Employee table. ID attribute is a foreign key into the Employee table. IDPlanTypeDateIssued 86A402/23/78 123B212/03/91 149A106/11/85 71A410/01/72 149B204/23/90 AttributesAttributes contained within a database record which uniquely identify another record, but not the one within which they are contained. A foreign key is a reference from one record to another.record

13. Relate Information SELECT EMPLOYEE.NAME, INSURACE.PLANTYPE FROM EMPOLYEE, INSURANCE WHERE EMPLOYEE.NAME=‘F. Takasano’ AND EMPLOYEE.ID=INSURANCE.ID SELECT EMPLOYEE.NAME, INSURACE.PLANTYPE FROM EMPOLYEE, INSURANCE WHERE EMPLOYEE.NAME=‘F. Takasano’ AND EMPLOYEE.ID=INSURANCE.ID Joining tables Joining tables

14. Computer Science Issues SQL: high-level language SQL: high-level language Performance issues Performance issues Distributed databases Distributed databases

15. Numeric and Symbolic Computation Number crunching with super computers and parallel computers. Number crunching with super computers and parallel computers. Real-time imaging, virtual reality Real-time imaging, virtual reality Quantum chromodynamics Quantum chromodynamics Bioinformatics Bioinformatics

16. Symbolic Computing Mathematica Mathematica Maple Maple