1. PHY 231 1 PHYSICS 231 Lecture 24: Ideal gases Remco Zegers Walk-in hour:Tue 4-5 pm Helproom

2. PHY 231 2 Temperature scales Conversions T celsius =T kelvin -273.5 T fahrenheit =9/5*T celcius +32 We will use T kelvin. If T kelvin =0, the atoms/molecules have no kinetic energy and every substance is a solid; it is called the Absolute zero-point. Kelvin Celsius Fahrenheit

3. PHY 231 3 Thermal expansion  L=  L o  T L0L0 LL T=T 0 T=T 0 +  T  A=  A o  T  =2   V=  V o  T  =3  length surface volume Some examples:  =24E-06 1/K Aluminum  =1.2E-04 1/K Alcohol  : coefficient of linear expansion different for each material

4. PHY 231 4 Ideal Gas: properties Collection of atoms/molecules that Exert no force upon each other The energy of a system of two atoms/molecules cannot be reduced by bringing them close to each other Take no volume The volume taken by the atoms/molecules is negligible compared to the volume they are sitting in

5. PHY 231 5 R Potential Energy 0 -E min R min Ideal gas: we are neglecting the potential energy between The atoms/molecules R Potential Energy 0 Kinetic energy

6. PHY 231 6 Number of particles: mol 1 mol of particles: 6.02 x 10 23 particles Avogadro’s number N A =6.02x10 23 particles per mol It doesn’t matter what kind of particles: 1 mol is always N A particles

7. PHY 231 7 What is the weight of 1 mol of atoms? X Z A Number of protons molar mass Name

8. PHY 231 8 Weight of 1 mol of atoms 1 mol of atoms: A gram (A: mass number) Example: 1 mol of Carbon = 12 g 1 mol of Zinc = 65.4 g What about molecules? H 2 O 1 mol of water molecules: 2x 1 g (due to Hydrogen) 1x 16 g (due to Oxygen) Total: 18 g

9. PHY 231 9 Example A cube of Silicon (molar mass 28.1 g) is 250 g. A) How much Silicon atoms are in the cube? B) What would be the mass for the same number of gold atoms (molar mass 197 g)

10. PHY 231 10 question 1)1 mol of C0 2 has a larger mass than 1 mol of CH 2 2)1 mol of CO 2 contains more particles than 1 mol of CH 2 a)1) is true and 2) is true b)1) is true and 2) is not true c)1) is not true and 2) is not true d)1) is not true and 2) is not true

11. PHY 231 11 Boyle’s Law P 0 V 0 T 0 2P 0 ½V 0 T 0 ½P 0 2V 0 T 0 At constant temperature: P ~ 1/V

12. PHY 231 12 Charles’ law P 0 V 0 T 0 P 0 2V 0 2T 0 If you want to maintain a constant pressure, the temperature must be increased linearly with the volume V~T

13. PHY 231 13 Gay-Lussac’s law P 0 V 0 T 0 2P 0 V 0 2T 0 If, at constant volume, the temperature is increased, the pressure will increase by the same factor P ~ T

14. PHY 231 14 Boyle & Charles & Gay-Lussac IDEAL GAS LAW PV/T = nR n: number of particles in the gas (mol) R: universal gas constant 8.31 J/mol·K If no molecules are extracted from or added to a system:

15. PHY 231 15 Example An ideal gas occupies a volume of 1.0cm 3 at 20 0 C at 1 atm. A) How many molecules are in the volume? B) If the pressure is reduced to 1.0x10 -11 Pa, while the temperature drops to 0 0 C, how many molecules remained in the volume?

16. PHY 231 16 And another! An airbubble has a volume of 1.50 cm 3 at 950 m depth (T=7 o C). What is its volume when it reaches the surface (  water =1.0x10 3 kg/m 3 )?

17. PHY 231 17 Correlations A volume with dimensions LxWxH is kept under pressure P at temperature T. A) If the temperature is Raised by a factor of 2, and the height of the volume made 5 times smaller, by what factor does the pressure change? Next quiz is something like this…

18. PHY 231 18 Diving Bell A cylindrical diving bell (diameter 3m and 4m tall, with an open bottom is submerged to a depth of 220m in the sea. The surface temperature is 25 0 C and at 220m, T=5 0 C. The density of sea water is 1025 kg/m 3. How high does the sea water rise in the bell when it is submerged?

19. PHY 231 19 A small matter of definition Ideal gas law: PV/T=nR PV/T=(N/N A )R n (number of mols)= N (number of molecules) N A (number of molecules in 1 mol) Rewrite ideal gas law: PV/T = Nk B where k B =R/N A =1.38x10 -23 J/K Boltzmann’s constant

20. PHY 231 20 From macroscopic to microscopic descriptions: kinetic theory of gases For derivations of the next equation, see the textbook 1) The number of molecules is large (statistical model) 2) Their average separation is large (take no volume) 3) Molecules follow Newton’s laws 4) Any particular molecule can move in any direction with a large distribution of velocities 5) Molecules undergo elastic collision with each other 6) Molecules make elastic collisions with the walls 7) All molecules are of the same type

21. PHY 231 21 Pressure Number of Molecules Volume Mass of 1 molecule Averaged squared velocity Average translation kinetic energy Number of molecules per unit volume

22. PHY 231 22 Microscopic Macroscopic Temperature ~ average molecular kinetic energy Average molecular kinetic energy Total kinetic energy rms speed of a molecule M=Molar mass (kg/mol)

23. PHY 231 23 example What is the rms speed of air at 1atm and room temperature? Assume it consist of molecular Nitrogen only (N 2 )?

24. PHY 231 24 And another... What is the total kinetic energy of the air molecules in the lecture room (assume only molecular nitrogen is present N 2 )?