1. COMP 171 Data Structures and Algorithms Tutorial 2 Analysis of algorithms

2. Ο-notation Big-Oh f(n) =Ο(g(n)) Ο(g(n)) = {f(n) : there exist positive constants c and n 0 such that 0 ≦ f(n) ≦ cg(n) for all n ≧ n 0 } Upper bound Worst-case running time

3. ο-notation Little-Oh f(n) =ο(g(n)) ο(g(n)) = {f(n) : for any positive constants c and n 0 such that 0 ≦ f(n)<cg(n) for all n ≧ n 0 } Non-tight upper bound

4. Ω-notation Big-Omega f(n) =Ω(g(n)) Ω(g(n)) = {f(n) : there exist positive constants c and n 0 such that 0 ≦ cg(n) ≦ f(n) for all n ≧ n 0 } Lower bound Best-case running time

5. ω-notation Little-Omega f(n) = ω(g(n)) ω(g(n)) = {f(n) : for any positive constants c and n 0 such that 0 ≦ cg(n)<f(n) for all n ≧ n 0 } Non-tight lower bound

6. Θ-notation Theta f(n) =Θ(g(n)) Θ(g(n)) = {f(n) : there exist positive constants c 1, c 2 and n 0 such that 0 ≦ c 1 g(n) ≦ f(n) ≦ c 2 g(n) for all n ≧ n 0 } Tight bound

7. Summary NotationConstants  n  n0 Ο(g(n))  c, n0, both > 00  f(n)  c*g(n) Ω(g(n))  c, n0, both > 00  f(n) < c*g(n) ο(g(n))  c, n0, both > 00  c*g(n)  f(n) ω(g(n))  c, n0, both > 00  c*g(n) < f(n) Θ(g(n))  c1, c2, n0, all > 00  c1*g(n)  f(n)  c2*g(n)

8. Transitivity f(n)=Θ(g(n)), g(n)=Θ(h(n)) →f(n)=Θ(h(n)) f(n)=Ο(g(n)), g(n)=Ο(h(n)) →f(n)=Ο(h(n)) f(n)=Ω(g(n)), g(n)=Ω(h(n)) →f(n)=Ω(h(n)) f(n)=ο(g(n)), g(n)=ο(h(n)) →f(n)=ο(h(n)) f(n)=ω(g(n)), g(n)=ω(h(n)) →f(n)=ω(h(n))

9. Reflexivity, Symmetry & Transpose Symmetry f(n)=Θ(f(n)) f(n)=Ο(f(n)) f(n)=Ω(f(n)) f(n)=Θ(g(n)) if and only if g(n)=Θ(f(n)) f(n)=Ο(g(n)) if and only if g(n)=Ω(f(n)) f(n)=ο(g(n)) if and only if g(n)=ω(f(n))

10. Selection Sort Input: Array A of Size n Output: A sorted array A Algorithm: Find the smallest element of A and exchanging it with the element in A[1]. Then find the second smallest element of A and exchange it with A[2]. Continue for the first n-1 elements in A.

11. e.g. {5, 2, 4, 7, 3} Input: {5, 2, 4, 7, 3} 1 st iteration: {2, 5, 4, 7, 3} 2 nd iteration: {2, 3, 4, 7, 5} 3 rd iteration: {2, 3, 4, 7, 5} 4 th iteration: {2, 3, 4, 5, 7} Output:{2, 3, 4, 5, 7}

12. 1: Find the smallest(m) in the unsorted part 2: Swap with h 3: Put m into the sorted part 4: Back to 1 until unsorted part is size 1 Sorted PartUnsorted Part m m h h m

13. for i ← range 1 min = value min_pos = value for j ← range 2 find min end for j swap(value, value) end for i

14. for i ← 1 to n-1 min = infinity min_pos = 0 for j ← i to n if A[j] < min then min = A[j] min_pos = j end if end for j swap(A[i], A[min_pos]) end for i

15. for i ← 1 to n-1 min = infinity min_pos = 0 for j ← i to n if A[j] < min then min = A[j] min_pos = j end if end for j swap(A[i], A[min_pos]) end for i O(1) O(n) O(1) O(n)O(1)

16. Ο(n 2 ) Ω(n 2 )? Θ(n 2 )? In class exercise: –Improve the algorithm so it can achieve: Ο(n 2 ) Ω(n) –Given a sorted input sequence, which sorting algorithm(s) can achieve Ω(n)?

17. Binary Search …..

18. If tree height is k The number of elements is 2 k+1 -1=n The number of comparison is at most k+1 k+1 = log 2 2 k+1 =log 2 ( n+1 ) Ο( ㏒ n)